El cáncer de próstata ye diagnosticáu al traviés d'una combinación de pruebes y procedimientos, que pueden incluyir:
1. Exame rectal dixital (DRE): Un médicu introduz un deu enguantáu y lubricáu nel rectu pa palpar la próstata en busca de cualquier anormalidá.
2. Prueba d'Antígeno Específicu de Próstata (PSA): ye una prueba de sangre que mide'l nivel de PSA, una proteína producida pola glándula prostática.
Un nivel eleváu de PSA puede indicar la presencia de cáncer de próstata.
3. ecografía transrectal (ETR): Introduzse una sonda pequeña nel rectu pa crear una imaxe de la próstata usando ondes sonores.
Esto puede ayudar a identificar cualquier anormalidá na glándula prostática.
4. Biopsia: una pequeña amuesa de texíu prostáticu ye estrayida y esaminada al microscopiu pa detectar la presencia de célules canceroses.
Esta ye la única forma definitiva de diagnosticar cáncer de próstata.
5. Imáxenes por resonancia magnética (IRM): Una IRM de la próstata puede ayudar a identificar cualquier anormalidá y guiar el procedimientu de biopsia.
6. Pruebes xenómicas: Dalgunos médicos usen pruebes xenómicas pa determinar l'agresividá del cáncer y pa guiar les decisiones de tratamientu.
7. Escaner óseu: Puede realizase un escáner óseu pa comprobar si'l cáncer estendióse a los güesos.
8. Tomografía computarizada (TC): Puede usase pa comprobar si'l cáncer estendióse a otros órganos o texíos.
Ye importante tener en cuenta que non tolos homes con niveles elevaos de PSA o resultancies anormales de DRE van tener cáncer de próstata, y non tolos cánceres de próstata van causar niveles elevaos de PSA.
Por tanto, ye necesaria una biopsia pa confirmar el diagnósticu.
Amás, la decisión de sometese a una biopsia ye tomada dempués de considerar los resultaos d'estes pruebes y los factores de riesgu y preferencies de la persona.
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Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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