How is Prostate cancer diagnosed?

Kako se dijagnosticira rak prostate?

Rak prostate se dijagnosticira kombinacijom testova i procedura, koji mogu uključivati:

1. Digitalni rektalni pregled (DRE): Liječnik ubacuje rukavicu, podmazani prst u rektum da bi osjetio prostate za bilo kakve abnormalnosti.

2. Test specifičnog antigena prostate (PSA): Ovo je test krvi koji mjeri nivo PSA, proteina koji proizvodi prostata.

Povećane nivoe PSA mogu ukazivati na prisustvo raka prostate.

3. Transrektalni ultrazvuk (TRUS): Mala sonda se ubacuje u rektum kako bi se stvorila slika prostate pomoću zvučnih talasa.

Ovo može pomoći u identifikaciji bilo kakvih abnormalnosti u prostati.

4. Biopsija: Uzima se mali uzorak tkiva prostate i ispituje se pod mikroskopom na prisustvo kancerogenih ćelija.

Ovo je jedini definitivan način da se dijagnosticira rak prostate.

5. Magnetna rezonanca (MRI): MRI skeniranje prostate može pomoći u prepoznavanju bilo kakvih abnormalnosti i usmeravanju procedure biopsije.

6. Genomsko testiranje: Neki lekari mogu koristiti genomske testove kako bi pomogli u određivanju agresivnosti raka i usmjeravanju odluka o lečenju.

7. Skeniranje kostiju: Može se obaviti skeniranje kostiju kako bi se provjerilo da li se rak proširio na kosti.

8. Kompjuterska tomografija (CT) Skeniranje: CT skeniranje se može koristiti za provjeru da li se rak proširio na druge organe ili tkiva.

Važno je napomenuti da neće svi muškarci sa povišenim nivoom PSA ili abnormalnim rezultatima DRE- a imati rak prostate, a neće svi kanceri prostate uzrokovati povišen nivo PSA- a.

Zbog toga je potrebna biopsija da bi se potvrdila dijagnoza.

Pored toga, odluka o biopsiji se donosi nakon razmatranja rezultata ovih testova i pojedinačnih faktora rizika i preferencija.

Referencije

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.

Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.

Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.

Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.

McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.

An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn²⁺ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.

[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.

Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.

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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:

1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.

2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.

Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.

3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.

This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.

4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.

This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.

6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.

7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.

8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.

It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.

Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.

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