1. Pemeriksaan payudara klinis: Profesional kesehatan naperiksa payudara untu' engka gajang, perubahan ukuran iyarega bentu', iyarega kelainan laingnge.
2. Mammogram: X-ray pole ri susu iya weddingnge naruntu' abnormalitas riwettu depa nariaseng.
3. Ultrasound: Seddie accobang iya pakkeguna bombang suara untu' makkebbu gambara jaringan susu, iya wedding bantu pattentui narekko seddi benjol e matedde iyarega penno sibawa cairan.
4. MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan mappake medan magnetik nenniya gelombang radio untu' makkebbu gambara rinci jaringan payudara.
5. Biopsi: Saisa baiccu jaringan payudara ripassu nenniya riperiksa ri yawa mikroskop untu' pattentui engkaga sel kanker.
6. Analisis dara: Analisis dara mattentu, pappada angke'na dara iyarega tanrang tumor, nulle ripogau untu' bantu pattentui tahap kanker iyarega untu' nawasseleki pabbura.
7. apparessang genetik: Narekko engka sejarah kaluwarga kanker payudara, apparessang genetik nulle ripogau untu' pattentui narekko engka mutasi gen iya riruntu'e iya napatanrei resiko nakenna kanker payudara.
8. Bone scan, CT scan, iyarega PET scan: Uji gambar e ro nulle ripogau untu' pattentui narekko kanker e mallebbang lao ri bageang laingenna watakkalena.
Zahoor S, Lali IU, Khan MA, Javed K, Mehmood W: Breast Cancer Detection and Classification using Traditional Computer Vision Techniques: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Med Imaging. 2020, 16 (10): 1187-1200.
Dewar MA, Love N: Legal issues in managing breast disease. Postgrad Med. 1992, 92 (5): 137-40, 143-4, 149-51 passim.
Donepudi MS, Kondapalli K, Amos SJ, Venkanteshan P: Breast cancer statistics and markers. J Cancer Res Ther. , 10 (3): 506-11.
Sazuka T, Miyazawa Y, Tochigi T, Hirano A, Mori M, Kosugi C, Shuto K, Kasahara K, Hiroshima Y, Matsuo K, Tanaka K, Yamazaki K, Koda K, Matsubara H: [A Case of Rectal Metastasis from Breast Cancer Diagnosed Two Years after Surgery]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2017, 44 (12): 1254-1256.
Yan J, Liu Z, Du S, Li J, Ma L, Li L: Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer in the Precision Medicine Era. Methods Mol Biol. 2020, 2204 (): 53-61.
Cong J, Wei B, He Y, Yin Y, Zheng Y: A Selective Ensemble Classification Method Combining Mammography Images with Ultrasound Images for Breast Cancer Diagnosis. Comput Math Methods Med. 2017, 2017 (): 4896386.
Cui R, Wang C, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Li Y: Serum Carboxypeptidase N1 Serves as a Potential Biomarker Complementing CA15-3 for Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2020, 20 (17): 2053-2065.
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Breast cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Clinical breast exam: A healthcare professional will examine the breasts for any lumps, changes in size or shape, or other abnormalities.
2. Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast that can detect abnormalities even before they can be felt.
3. Ultrasound: A test that uses sound waves to create an image of the breast tissue, which can help determine if a lump is solid or filled with fluid.
4. MRI: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the breast tissue.
5. Biopsy: A small sample of breast tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
6. Blood tests: Certain blood tests, such as a complete blood count or tumor markers, may be done to help determine the stage of the cancer or to monitor treatment.
7. Genetic testing: If there is a family history of breast cancer, genetic testing may be done to determine if there is an inherited gene mutation that increases the risk of developing breast cancer.
8. Bone scan, CT scan, or PET scan: These imaging tests may be done to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once a diagnosis of breast cancer is made, further tests may be done to determine the stage and grade of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
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