Pathophysiology na cutar Alzheimer (AD) tsari ne mai rikitarwa wanda ya ƙunshi tarin ƙwayoyin cuta, kumburi, da rashin aiki na neuronal.
Manyan alamomin guda biyu na AD sune kasancewar amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques da neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) a cikin kwakwalwa.
Amyloid-beta plaques suna samuwa lokacin da enzymes suka yanke sassan furotin na amyloid (APP) don samar da peptides na Aβ.
Wadannan peptides suna haɗuwa kuma suna samar da fibrils marasa narkewa waɗanda ke tarawa a waje da ƙwayoyin cuta, suna lalata sadarwa ta sel zuwa sel kuma suna haifar da mutuwar neuronal.
Tarin Aβ plaques ana tsammanin yana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan farko a cikin ci gaban AD, kuma an yi imanin yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin neurodegenerative.
Neurofibrillary tangles suna samuwa lokacin da furotin tau ya zama hyperphosphorylated kuma ya samar da filaments marasa kyau a cikin neurons.
Wadannan tangles suna lalata aikin al'ada na microtubules, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don jigilar abubuwan gina jiki da sauran kayan cikin neuron.
A ƙarshe, waɗannan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin suna mutuwa.
Kumburi kuma yana taka rawa a cikin ilimin halittar jiki na AD.
Tsarin garkuwar jiki yana amsa tarin Aβ plaques da NFTs ta hanyar sakin cytokines mai kumburi, wanda zai iya ƙara lalacewar ƙwayoyin cuta.
Bugu da ƙari, akwai shaidar cewa damuwa na oxidative, rashin aiki na mitochondrial, da lalata metabolism na glucose suna ba da gudummawa ga ilimin kimiyyar cutar ta AD.
Waɗannan abubuwan na iya haifar da rashin aiki da mutuwar neuronal, yana ƙara tsananta cutar.
Gabaɗaya, ilimin kimiyyar cututtukan cututtukan AD abu ne mai rikitarwa na abubuwa da yawa waɗanda a ƙarshe ke haifar da ci gaba da raguwa a cikin aikin fahimi da asarar ƙwaƙwalwar da ke nuna cutar.
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Casadesus G, Moreira PI, Nunomura A, Siedlak SL, Bligh-Glover W, Balraj E, Petot G, Smith MA, Perry G: Indices of metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress. Neurochem Res. , 32 (4-5): 717-22.
Candore G, Bulati M, Caruso C, Castiglia L, Colonna-Romano G, Di Bona D, Duro G, Lio D, Matranga D, Pellicanò M, Rizzo C, Scapagnini G, Vasto S: Inflammation, cytokines, immune response, apolipoprotein E, cholesterol, and oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: therapeutic implications. Rejuvenation Res. , 13 (2-3): 301-13.
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What is pathophysiology of alzheimer?
The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex process that involves the accumulation of abnormal proteins, inflammation, and neuronal dysfunction.
The two main hallmarks of AD are the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain.
Amyloid-beta plaques are formed when fragments of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) are cleaved by enzymes to form Aβ peptides.
These peptides aggregate and form insoluble fibrils that accumulate outside neurons, disrupting cell-to-cell communication and leading to neuronal death.
The accumulation of Aβ plaques is thought to be one of the earliest events in the development of AD, and it is believed to contribute to the neurodegenerative process.
Neurofibrillary tangles are formed when the protein tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and forms abnormal filaments inside neurons.
These tangles disrupt the normal functioning of the microtubules, which are essential for the transport of nutrients and other materials within the neuron.
The tangles eventually lead to the death of the affected neurons.
Inflammation also plays a role in the pathophysiology of AD.
The immune system responds to the accumulation of Aβ plaques and NFTs by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can exacerbate the damage to neurons.
Additionally, there is evidence that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired glucose metabolism contribute to the pathophysiology of AD.
These factors can lead to neuronal dysfunction and death, further exacerbating the disease process.
Overall, the pathophysiology of AD is a complex interplay of multiple factors that ultimately lead to the progressive decline in cognitive function and memory loss that characterizes the disease.
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