Aṭṭan n tgezzayt yettwassen s tuqqna n yikayaden d tigawin, izemren ad d-ggrin:
1. Akayad n tadist: Amejjay ad iẓer ma yella kra n uẓmiḍ, abeddel deg lqedd neɣ deg talɣa neɣ ayen-nniḍen ur nelli ara akken ilaq.
2. Mammogram: D yiwet n tṣewwart n yidmaren i izemren ad d-tessken ayen ur nlaq ula uqbel ad t-tḥulfuḍ.
3. Ultrasound: D akayad i yessexdamen tilwiḥin n ṣṣut akken ad d-yexleq tugna n yiẓuran n tadist, ayen i izemren ad iεiwen ad iẓer ma yella taẓeyt teqqur neɣ teččur d aman.
4. MRI: Tissikna n usemres n tmagit (MRI) tesseqdac amkan amagneti d waḍu n rradyu akken ad d-tesnulfu tugniwin tifazlanin n yiẓuran n tadist.
5. Tissirt: Yettwakkes-d yiwen n uḥric amecṭuḥ n uksum n tadist, yettwaɣra s ukiruskup i wakken ad d-iban ma llant deg-s tsilunin n kunsir.
6. Tiɣbula n yidammen: Kra n tmuɣliwin n yidammen, am ugemmuḍ n yidammen neɣ iseknawen n tgezzayt, zemrent ad ttwaxedment i wakken ad tεiwnent ad d-mlen aswir n kunsir neɣ i uεassas n usafar.
7. Timuɣliwin tijenṭiyin: Ma yella llan yisenfaren n uxenfuc deg twacult, zemren ad ttwaxedmen yisenfaren i wakken ad ttwaẓren ma yella yella ubeddel n ujin yettwaṛebban i yesnernayen amihi n uxenfuc.
8. Tissikni n yiɣsan, Tissikni n CT neɣ Tissikni n PET: Tissikniwin- agi n usekyed zemrent ad ttwaxedment akken ad ẓrent ma yella akunsir yuɣ amkan ɣer imukan nniḍen n tfekka.
Mi yettwaḍmen kan ukunsir n tebbuct, zemren ad ttwaxedmen ikayaden nniḍen akken ad ttwaẓren agerdas d tfesna n ukunsir, ayen ara iɛawnen deg ufran n usafar.
Zahoor S, Lali IU, Khan MA, Javed K, Mehmood W: Breast Cancer Detection and Classification using Traditional Computer Vision Techniques: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Med Imaging. 2020, 16 (10): 1187-1200.
Dewar MA, Love N: Legal issues in managing breast disease. Postgrad Med. 1992, 92 (5): 137-40, 143-4, 149-51 passim.
Donepudi MS, Kondapalli K, Amos SJ, Venkanteshan P: Breast cancer statistics and markers. J Cancer Res Ther. , 10 (3): 506-11.
Sazuka T, Miyazawa Y, Tochigi T, Hirano A, Mori M, Kosugi C, Shuto K, Kasahara K, Hiroshima Y, Matsuo K, Tanaka K, Yamazaki K, Koda K, Matsubara H: [A Case of Rectal Metastasis from Breast Cancer Diagnosed Two Years after Surgery]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2017, 44 (12): 1254-1256.
Yan J, Liu Z, Du S, Li J, Ma L, Li L: Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer in the Precision Medicine Era. Methods Mol Biol. 2020, 2204 (): 53-61.
Cong J, Wei B, He Y, Yin Y, Zheng Y: A Selective Ensemble Classification Method Combining Mammography Images with Ultrasound Images for Breast Cancer Diagnosis. Comput Math Methods Med. 2017, 2017 (): 4896386.
Cui R, Wang C, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Li Y: Serum Carboxypeptidase N1 Serves as a Potential Biomarker Complementing CA15-3 for Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2020, 20 (17): 2053-2065.
['Anfafad: amejjay']
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['Ma tumneḍ s wul yelhan belli kra n taɣult neɣ taɣawsa yettwafken deg unermes-nneɣ neɣ deg yiqeddacen-nneɣ tegzem azref-ik n uḥraz, tzemreḍ (neɣ amsedday-ik) ad aɣ-d-tazneḍ izen akken ad nessuter asuffeɣ n taɣult neɣ n taɣawsa-nni, neɣ ad nessader tuqqna ɣer-s. ']
['Isental yessefk ad ttwazen s tira s yimayl (ẓer asebter "Contact" i tansa n yimayl).']
['DMCA teḥwaǧ isalli-inek n tukksa n yizerfan yettwanekṛen ad d-yeglu s yisallen-a: (1) asegzi n umahil yettwaḥerzen s yizerfan yettwanekṛen i d-yettwanekren; (2) asegzi n uḍris yettwanekren d yisallen ara aɣ-yeǧǧen ad d-naf uḍris-nni; (3) isallen n usiwel inek, ladɣa tansa-inek, uṭṭun n tilifun d tansa imayl; (4) awal sɣur-k d akken tumneḍ s wayen yelhan belli aḍris-nni s wamek i d-tettcetkiḍ ur yettwasemres ara sɣur bab n yizerfan, neɣ amesten-is, neɣ s useqdec n kra n usaḍuf; ']
['(5) yiwet n tseddi sɣur-k, yettwatten s uḥasef n lekdeb, d akken isallen yellan deg uzenzi d iṣeḥḥan u tesεiḍ azref ad tesseḍruḍ izerfan umeskar i d-yeqqaren ttwarẓen; ']
['akked (6) azmul n tfekka neɣ n tuqqna tagensit n bab n yizerfan neɣ n umdan yettwafernen ad yexdem s yisem n bab n yizerfan. ']
['Ma ur d-terriḍ ara isallen-agi akk, yezmer ad d-yeglu s uεeṭṭel deg usefrek n ucetki-inek.']
['Assaɣ']
['Ttxil-k azen-aɣ-d imayl ma tesεiḍ asteqsi / asumer.']
How is breast cancer diagnosed?
Breast cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Clinical breast exam: A healthcare professional will examine the breasts for any lumps, changes in size or shape, or other abnormalities.
2. Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast that can detect abnormalities even before they can be felt.
3. Ultrasound: A test that uses sound waves to create an image of the breast tissue, which can help determine if a lump is solid or filled with fluid.
4. MRI: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the breast tissue.
5. Biopsy: A small sample of breast tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
6. Blood tests: Certain blood tests, such as a complete blood count or tumor markers, may be done to help determine the stage of the cancer or to monitor treatment.
7. Genetic testing: If there is a family history of breast cancer, genetic testing may be done to determine if there is an inherited gene mutation that increases the risk of developing breast cancer.
8. Bone scan, CT scan, or PET scan: These imaging tests may be done to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once a diagnosis of breast cancer is made, further tests may be done to determine the stage and grade of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
Disclaimer: medical
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