How is Prostate cancer diagnosed?

['Li vê rûpelê guhdarî bike']

Kansera prostatê çawa tê teşhîs kirin?

Kansera prostat bi rêya kombînasyona test û prosedurên ku dikarin ev in, tê teşhîs kirin:

1. Vekolîna Rektal a Dijîtal (DRE): Bijîşk tiliyek bi lepik û bi rûnê rektal dixe hundirê rektumê da ku ji bo her nexweşiyan prostata bişopîne.

2. Testkirina Antigenê Taybetî ya Prostate (PSA): Ev testkirina xwînê ye ku asta PSA, proteîna ku ji hêla şaneya prostate tê hilberandin, pîvandin.

Asta bilind a PSA dikare nîşana hebûna penceşêra prostatê be.

3. Ultrasound Transrectal (TRUS): Ji bo ku wêneyek prostata bi karanîna pêlên deng çêbike, sondajek piçûk di hundirê rectum de tê bicîkirin.

Ev dikare alîkariya naskirina her nexweşiya di şaneya prostate de bike.

4. Bîopsi: Nimûneyek piçûk ji tevna prostatê tê derxistin û di bin mikroskopê de ji bo hebûna hucreyên penceşêrê tê lêkolînkirin.

Ev tekane rêya teqez a teşxîskirina kansera prostatê ye.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI ya prostatê dikare alîkariya tespîtkirina her nexweşiyan bike û rêberiya pêvajoya biopsiyê bike.

6. Testkirina Genomîk: Hin bijîşk dikarin testên genomîk bikar bînin da ku alîkariya diyarkirina êrîşkariya penceşêrê bikin û biryarên dermankirinê rêber bikin.

7. Skankirina hestî: Skankirina hestî dikare were kirin da ku were kontrolkirin ka kanser li hestiyan belav bûye.

8. Tomografiya Komputerî (CT) Scan: CT scan dikare were bikar anîn da ku were kontrolkirin ka kanser li organ an tevna din belav bûye.

Girîng e ku bê zanîn ku hemî mêrên ku asta PSA bilind an encamên DRE anormal hene dê nexweşiya penceşêra prostatê hebin, û hemî penceşêra prostatê dê nebe sedema asta PSA bilind.

Ji ber vê yekê, ji bo piştrastkirina teşhîsê, biyopsiyek pêwîst e.

Herweha, biryara ku biopsiyek were kirin piştî ku encamên van testan û faktorên rîsk û tercîhên kesî têne hesibandin.

['Çavkanî']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.

Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.

Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.

Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.

McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.

An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.

[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.

Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.

['Daxuyaniya: tibî']

['Ev malper tenê ji bo armancên perwerde û agahdarkirinê hatiye amadekirin û nayê wateya pêşkêşkirina şîretên bijîşkî an xizmetên profesyonel.']

['Divê agahiyên hatine dayîn ji bo teşhîs an dermankirina pirsgirêk an nexweşiyeke tenduristî neyên bikaranîn, û kesên ku şîretên tibî yên kesane dixwazin divê bi bijîşkek lîsanskirî re bişêwirin.']

['Ji kerema xwe not bikin ku tora neuronî ku bersivên pirsan çêdike, bi taybetî dema ku ew bi naveroka hejmarî tê, ne rast e.']

['Her dem şîretê ji bijîşkê xwe an pêşkêşkerê tenduristiyê yê din ê pispor di derbarê rewşek tenduristî de bipirsin. Tu caran şîretên pispor ên tenduristî paşguh nekin an di lêgerîna wê de dereng nemînin ji ber tiştek ku hûn li ser vê malperê xwendine. Heke hûn difikirin ku dibe ku hûn rewşek awarte ya tenduristî hebe, bi lezgînî li 911-ê bişînin an biçin odeya bilez a herî nêzîk. Tu têkiliya bijîşk-nexweş ji hêla vê malperê an karanîna wê ve nayê afirandin. Ne BioMedLib û ne karmendên wê, ne jî tu kesek ku beşdarî vê malperê dibe, ti daxuyaniyên eşkere an jî nepenî, di derbarê agahdariya ku li vir têne peyda kirin an karanîna wê de, dide.']

['Daxuyaniya: mafê nivîsandinê']

['Qanûna Mafê Çapemeniyê ya Dîjîtal a Mileniyûmê ya 1998-an, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) ji bo xwediyên mafê çapemeniyê ku bawer dikin ku materyalên ku li ser Înternetê xuya dibin mafên wan binpê dikin.']

['Heke hûn bi baweriya baş bawer dikin ku naverok an materyalên ku bi girêdana malpera me an xizmetên me ve hatine peyda kirin, mafê we yê kopîterê binpê dikin, hûn (an ajanê we) dikarin ji me re peyamek bişînin ku daxwaza jêbirin an materyalê an jî gihîştina wê asteng bikin. ']

["Pêwîst e ku bi nivîskî bi e-nameyê (ji bo navnîşana e-nameyê binêre beşa 'Têkilî')."]

['DMCA pêwîst dike ku agahdarîya te ya binpêkirina mafê te ya tevnvîsê ev agahî tê de hebin: (1) danasîna xebata tevnvîsê ya ku mijara binpêkirina tevnvîsê ye; (2) danasîna naveroka binpêkirina tevnvîsê û agahdariya têra xwe ku ji me re destûrê bide ku em naverokê bibînin; (3) agahdariya têkiliyê ji bo we, di nav de navnîşana we, hejmara telefona we û navnîşana e-nameyê; (4) daxuyaniya we ku baweriya we ya baş heye ku naveroka bi awayê ku tê rexnekirin ji hêla xwediyê mafê tevnvîsê, an ajansa wê, an jî ji hêla operasyonê ve ji hêla qanûnê ve nayê destûr kirin; ']

['(5) daxuyaniyek ji we, bi sizaya derewîn, ku agahiyên di ragihandinê de rast in û ku hûn desthilatdar in ku mafên ku tê îdiakirin ku hatine binpêkirin biparêzin; ']

['û (6) îmzeyeke fîzîkî an elektronîk a xwediyê mafê kopî yan kesekî ku ji bo karkirina li ser navê xwediyê mafê kopî hatiye destûr kirin. ']

['Heke te hemû agahiyên jorîn negirtin dibe ku encamê de derengmayîna muamelekirina gilîya te hebe.']

['Têkilî']

['Ji kerema xwe bi her pirs/pêşniyarekê ji me re e-name bişînin.']

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:

1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.

2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.

Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.

3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.

This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.

4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.

This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.

6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.

7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.

8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.

It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.

Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.

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