How is Diabetes diagnosed?

Kä di̱ba̱thëteth la ŋa̱ckɛ jɛ i̱di̱?

Diabeteth laa jɛ laa thɛmkɛ kɛ thëm riɛm mi̱ laa thɛm pek glucose (thukä) rɛy riɛm.

Kä thëm in di̱tni̱ jɛn in laa la̱tkɛ kɛ kui̱ kä ɣöö baa juey thëm kɛ jɛ ɛ:

1. Näk Glucose (FPG) kɛ thɛm mi̱ ci̱ rɔ̱ thɛm: Näk ɛmɛ thɛm ni̱ pek glucose riɛm kɛ kɔr kä mi̱ ci̱ rɔ̱ thɛm kɛ thaakni̱ da̱ŋ bädäk.

Mi̱ ci̱ pek glucose rɛy riɛmdu cop kä 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) kiɛ mi̱ di̱t ni̱ jɛn nyothɛ ni̱ juey thɛkdäbäthä.

2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Nɛmɛ thɛm jɛ ɛn ɣöö te riɛm glucose thi̱n i̱di̱ kɛ nhiam kɛnɛ thaakni̱ da̱ŋ rɛw kɛ kɔr ma̱thä kɛ liɛth mi̱ tɔt.

Mi̱ ci̱ pek glucose rɛy riɛmdɛ cop kä 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) kiɛ mi̱ di̱t ni̱ jɛn nyothɛ ni̱ juey thɛkdäbäthä.

3. Random Plasma Glucose test: Nɛmɛ la̱tkɛ jɛ gua̱a̱th ɛ go̱o̱ri̱ kä /cɛ go̱ri̱ ɣöö bi̱ naath thɛm.

Mi̱ ci̱ pek glucose rɛy riɛmdɛ cop kä 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) kiɛ mi̱ di̱t ni̱ jɛn nyothɛ ni̱ juey thɛkdäbäthä.

4. Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) thɛm: Thɛm ɛmɛ thɛmɛ pek in te rɛy riɛmä glucose kɛ päth ti̱ 2-3 tëë ci̱ wɔ̱.

Mi̱ ci̱ pek A1C ɛ 6.5% kiɛ mi̱ di̱t ni̱ jɛn nyothɛ ni̱ juey thɛkdäbäthä.

Jɛn ɛ mi̱ di̱i̱t ɛn ɣöö ba tit ɛn ɣöö ba thɛmni̱ ti̱ti̱ loc kɛ cäŋ mi̱ dɔ̱ŋ kɛ ɣöö ba jiek ɛ thuɔ̱k.

Ɛ matdɛ, tin kɔ̱ŋ cetkɛ nyuuthni̱, wal tin ci̱ tuɔɔk ni̱ wal, kɛnɛ guäc pua̱a̱ny de kɛn guic bä kɛ la̱t di̱janöthä.

Mi te kɛ mi diɛɛr ji kiɛ thieci kɛ kui juey thöpä, gɔaa ni ɣöö bi ruac kɛ ram mi ŋäc juey thöpä.

['Kuënɛ']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Ding L, Xu Y, Liu S, Bi Y, Xu Y: Hemoglobin A1c and diagnosis of diabetes. J Diabetes. 2018, 10 (5): 365-372.

Kalra S, Gupta Y: Diagnosis of diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015, 65 (3): 336-7.

Higgins T: HbA1c for screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Endocrine. 2013, 43 (2): 266-73.

Ko GT: Diagnosing diabetes mellitus in the Asian population. Hong Kong Med J. 2000, 6 (1): 53-9.

Li HY, Ma WY, Wei JN, Lin MS, Shih SR, Hung CS, Hua CH, Chuang LM: Hemoglobin A1c for the diagnosis of diabetes: To replace or to guide oral glucose tolerance tests? J Diabetes Investig. 2012, 3 (3): 259-65.

Hill J: How to diagnose diabetes. Nurs Times. , 101 (16): 28-30.

Hessler KL, Dunemn K: Laboratory diagnosis of overt type 2 diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017, 29 (9): 521-526.

['Lät kɛ kui̱i̱ jua̱thni̱']

['Ɛn wɛbthaay ɛmɛ ca la̱th lät kɛ kui̱ ŋi̱i̱cä kɛnɛ läri kä /cɛ lot ni ɣöö ba ji̱ moc kɛ luäk ki̱mä kiɛ lät ti̱ gööl.']

['Lät kɛ läri tin ca ŋun /ca kɛ bi̱ lät kɛ ɣöö ba jua̱th jek kiɛ ba kɛ ciɛŋ, kä nɛy tin görkɛ luäk ki̱mädiɛn kärɔ̱ ba kɛ thiec kä ki̱m mi̱ tekɛ luäk ki̱mä.']

['Guic ɛ gɔaa ɛn ɣöö ɛn neural net min jak luɔc kä thie̱cni̱, /cɛ thuɔ̱k ɛlɔ̱ŋ mi̱ ci̱ ben kä nämbäri̱ tin te thi̱n. cetkɛ pek nath tin ca jek kɛ juey mi̱ rɛlrɔ.']

['Ni ciaŋ go̱ri ruac kä ki̱mdu kiɛ ram in kɔ̱ŋ mi ŋäc luäk pua̱a̱ny kɛ kui̱ jua̱thdu. /Cu ruac ki̱mdu car kiɛ jääny kɛ go̱ri kɛ kui̱ kä mi ci kuɛn kä wɛbthaay ɛmɛ. Mi caari jɛ ɛn ɣöö deri tekɛ juey mi go̱o̱ri luäk, cɔl 911 kiɛ wër guäth in thia̱k kɛ ji kɛ pɛ̈th. /Thilɛ maar kam ki̱m kɛnɛ juey mi bi̱ tuɔɔk kɛ kui̱ kä wɛbthaay ɛmɛ kiɛ la̱tdɛ. /Ci̱ BioMedLib kiɛ la̱a̱tkɛ, kiɛ ram in gɔ̱a̱r kɛ kui̱ kä wɛbthaay ɛmɛ, bi̱ ruac lat, kiɛ bi̱ ruac lat, kɛ kui̱ läri tin ca ka̱m raar rɛydɛ kiɛ la̱tdɛ.']

['Lät kɛ: ŋuɔ̱t']

['Ɛn Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (ɛ DMCA) ɛ ŋuɔ̱t mi̱ ŋun ji̱ cuŋni̱ tin ŋääth kɛn ɣöö ci̱ ŋɔaani̱ tin te kä intɛrnɛt ŋuɔ̱tkiɛn to̱l kɛ kui̱ ŋuɔ̱tni̱ cuŋni̱ tin te kä U.S.']

['Mi ca ji̱ ŋäth kɛ thuɔ̱k ɛn ɣöö tëëkɛ mi̱ ca gɔ̱r kiɛ mi̱ ca ka̱m ji̱ rɛy wɛbthaayäda kiɛ lät tin kɔ̱ŋ tin ci̱ ŋuɔ̱t tin ca gɔ̱r ya̱r, ji̱n (kiɛ ram in lät kɛ kui̱du) deri̱ kɔ jäk kä warɛgak mi̱ bi̱ ji̱ thiec ɛn ɣöö ba min ca gɔ̱r kiɛ min ca gɔ̱r woc, kiɛ ba duɔ̱ɔ̱r la̱t kɛ ɣöö bi̱ ji̱ cop thi̱n.']

['Kɛn läri̱ ba kɛ jäk kɛ wargak ɛ la i̱thtäm (guic ni̱ gua̱th in ci̱ i̱thtäm in ca gɔ̱r "Kɔntak" kɛ kui̱ i̱thtäm in ci̱ jäk).']

['DMCA go̱o̱rɛ ɣöö bi̱ ji̱n warɛgakdu lat kɛ kui̱ kä tin ca lar i̱ ci̱ ŋuɔ̱t gɛr kɛ kui̱i̱ ŋuɔ̱tni̱ gɔ̱rä mat thi̱n kɛ läär ti̱ti̱: (1) latdɛ kɛ kui̱i̱ la̱t in ca gɛr kɛ kui̱i̱ ŋuɔ̱tni̱ gɔ̱rä min ca lar i̱ ca gɛr; (2) latdɛ kɛ kui̱i̱ kä tin ca lar i̱ ci̱ ŋuɔ̱t gɛr kɛnɛ läär ti̱ ro̱ŋ kɛ ɣöö bi̱ kɔn kɛ jek; (3) läri̱ kɛ kui̱i̱ kä min dëë ji̱ luäk kɛ jek, amäni̱ ci̱ötdu, nämbärɛ kä tin ci̱ ji̱ luäk kɛ jek, kɛnɛ emaildu; (4) latdu kɛ ɣöö ci̱ ji̱n ɛ ŋa̱c ɛn ɣöö min ca gɔ̱r kɛ kui̱i̱ kä tin ca lar /ci̱kɛ bi̱ lät kɛ luäkdɛ ɛ gua̱n ŋuɔ̱tni̱ gɔ̱rä, kiɛ ɛ la̱tdɛ, kiɛ kɛ luäk ŋuɔ̱tni̱; ']

['(5) mi ci ji gɔr piny kɛ kuic kä ɣöö bi ji ruac kɛ thuɔ̱k, ɛn ɣöö läri tin ca gɔr ɛ thuɔ̱k kä te ji kɛ lua̱ŋ kɛ ɣöö bi yiöw tin ca gɔr piny tin ca lar ɛ ji̱n ka̱m raar;']

['kɛnɛ (6) mi̱ ca gɔ̱r piny ɛ gua̱n ŋuɔ̱tni̱ kiɛ ram mi̱ tekɛ lua̱ŋ kɛ lät kɛ kui̱dɛ.']

['Mi /kenɛ läri tin ca lat nhial diaal mat thi̱n dɔ̱ŋ derɛ ku lɛ wɔ̱ jɔ̱ɔ̱r kɛ lätni̱ kɛ kɛ.']

['Röm kɛ jɛ']

['Thiecɛ kɔ kɛ email kɛ thiecni kiɛ cär.']

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Diabetes is diagnosed through a series of blood tests that measure the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

The most common tests used to diagnose diabetes are:

1. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test: This test measures the blood glucose level after fasting for at least 8 hours.

A blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher indicates diabetes.

2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): This test measures blood glucose levels before and 2 hours after drinking a sweet liquid.

A blood glucose level of 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) or higher indicates diabetes.

3. Random Plasma Glucose test: This test can be done at any time and does not require fasting.

A blood glucose level of 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) or higher indicates diabetes.

4. Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) test: This test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months.

An A1C level of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.

It is important to note that these tests should be repeated on a different day to confirm the diagnosis.

Additionally, other factors such as symptoms, medical history, and physical examination may also be considered in making a diagnosis.

If you have any concerns or questions about diabetes diagnosis, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional.

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