What is pathophysiology of Alzheimer?

['Ascuta sta pàggina']

Chi è la fisiopatoluggìa di l'Alzheimer?

La fisiopatoluggìa dâ malatìa di Alzheimer (MA) è nu prucessu cumplessu ca cumporta l'accumulamentu di prutiini anormali, nfiammazzioni e disfunzioni neurunali.

Li dui principali carattirìstichi dû MA sunnu la prisenza di placche di beta-amiloidi (Aβ) e grovigli neurofibrillari (NFT) ntô ciriveḍḍu.

Li placche beta-amiloidi si furmanu quannu li frammenti dâ prutiìna precursora amiloidi (APP) sunnu scissi di l'enzimi pi furmari peptidi Aβ.

Sti peptidi s'aggreganu e formanu fibrilli insolubili ca s'accumùlunu fora dî neuroni, distruggennu la cumunicazzioni di cellula a cellula e purtannu â morti dî neuroni.

L'accumulamentu di placchi Aβ si pensa ca è unu dî primi eventi ntô sviluppu di l'AD, e si cridi ca cuntribbuisci ô prucessu neurodegenerativu.

Li grovigli neurofibrillari si furmanu quannu la proteina tau addiventa iperfosforilata e forma filamenti anormali dintra li neuroni.

Sti grovigli disturbunu lu funziunamentu nurmali dî microtubuli, ca sunnu essinziali pi lu trasportu di nutrimenti e àutri matiriali ntô neuroni.

Li grovigli finìscinu pi purtari â morti dî neuroni affetti.

L'infiammazzioni joca puru nu rolu ntâ fisiopatoluggìa di l'Alzheimer.

Lu sistema immunitariu rispunni a l'accumulamentu di placche Aβ e NFT rilasciannu citochini proinfiammatori, ca ponnu aggravari li danni ê neuroni.

Inoltre, ci sunnu provi ca lu stress ossidativu, la disfunzioni mitucondriali e lu metabolismu di lu glucosiu disturbatu cuntribbuìscinu â patofisioluggìa di l'AD.

Sti fatturi ponnu purtari a disfunzioni e morti neuronali, aggravannu ancora cchiù lu prucessu dâ malatia.

'N ginirali, la fisiopatoluggìa di l'Alzheimer è na cumplessa interazzioni di fatturi multipli ca finìscinu pi purtari ô prugrissivu declinu dâ funzioni cugnitiva e â pèrdita di mimoria ca carattirizzanu la malatia.

['Riferimenti']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Nemeroff CB: The preeminent role of neuropeptide systems in the early pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease: up with corticotropin-releasing factor, down with acetylcholine. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999, 56 (11): 991-2.

Skoog I, Kalaria RN, Breteler MM: Vascular factors and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. , 13 Suppl 3 (): S106-14.

Proft J, Weiss N: Jekyll and Hide: The two faces of amyloid β. Commun Integr Biol. 2012, 5 (5): 405-7.

Whitehouse PJ, Hedreen JC, White CL, Price DL: Basal forebrain neurons in the dementia of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 1983, 13 (3): 243-8.

Casadesus G, Moreira PI, Nunomura A, Siedlak SL, Bligh-Glover W, Balraj E, Petot G, Smith MA, Perry G: Indices of metabolic dysfunction and oxidative stress. Neurochem Res. , 32 (4-5): 717-22.

Candore G, Bulati M, Caruso C, Castiglia L, Colonna-Romano G, Di Bona D, Duro G, Lio D, Matranga D, Pellicanò M, Rizzo C, Scapagnini G, Vasto S: Inflammation, cytokines, immune response, apolipoprotein E, cholesterol, and oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: therapeutic implications. Rejuvenation Res. , 13 (2-3): 301-13.

Raskind MA, Peskind ER: Neurobiologic bases of noncognitive behavioral problems in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1994, 8 Suppl 3 (): 54-60.

Schindler SE, McConathy J, Ances BM, Diamond MI: Advances in diagnostic testing for Alzheimer disease. Mo Med. , 110 (5): 401-5.

Singh VK: Immune-activation model in Alzheimer disease. Mol Chem Neuropathol. , 28 (1-3): 105-11.

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What is pathophysiology of alzheimer?

The pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex process that involves the accumulation of abnormal proteins, inflammation, and neuronal dysfunction.

The two main hallmarks of AD are the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain.

Amyloid-beta plaques are formed when fragments of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) are cleaved by enzymes to form Aβ peptides.

These peptides aggregate and form insoluble fibrils that accumulate outside neurons, disrupting cell-to-cell communication and leading to neuronal death.

The accumulation of Aβ plaques is thought to be one of the earliest events in the development of AD, and it is believed to contribute to the neurodegenerative process.

Neurofibrillary tangles are formed when the protein tau becomes hyperphosphorylated and forms abnormal filaments inside neurons.

These tangles disrupt the normal functioning of the microtubules, which are essential for the transport of nutrients and other materials within the neuron.

The tangles eventually lead to the death of the affected neurons.

Inflammation also plays a role in the pathophysiology of AD.

The immune system responds to the accumulation of Aβ plaques and NFTs by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can exacerbate the damage to neurons.

Additionally, there is evidence that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired glucose metabolism contribute to the pathophysiology of AD.

These factors can lead to neuronal dysfunction and death, further exacerbating the disease process.

Overall, the pathophysiology of AD is a complex interplay of multiple factors that ultimately lead to the progressive decline in cognitive function and memory loss that characterizes the disease.

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