E mafai ona iloa le kanesa o le prostate e ala i le faia o ni suʻesuʻega ma ni faiga eseese, e aofia ai:
1. O le suʻesuʻeina o le prostate e ala i le tago i le tamatamaʻi lima (DRE): E tuu e le fomaʻi se tamatamaʻi lima ua faamamāina i se totinilima i totonu o le prostate, ina ia iloa ai po o iai ni faalētonu.
2. Suʻesuʻega o le Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA): O se suʻesuʻega o le toto e fuaina ai le maualuga o le PSA, o se polotini e faia e le prostate gland.
O le maualuga o le PSA e ono faailoa mai ai le iai o le kanesa o le prostate.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): E faaofi se tamaʻi mea i totonu o le toʻotoʻo e iloa ai le tulaga o le prostate e ala i le faaaogāina o le leo.
O le faia faapea, e mafai ona iloa ai ni faalētonu i le prostate.
4. O se vaega o le sela o le prostate (biopsy): E aveese se vaega itiiti o le sela o le prostate ma suʻesuʻe i se masini e taʻua o le microscope po o iai ni sela o le kanesa.
E na o le pau lea o le auala mautinoa e iloa ai le kanesa o le prostate.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): O le MRI scan o le prostate e mafai ona iloa ai ni mea e lē masani ai ma taʻitaʻia ai le faiga o le suʻeina o sela.
6. Suʻesuʻega o le Gene: E ono faaaogā e nisi fomaʻi suʻesuʻega o le gene e iloa ai le malosi o le kanesa ma taʻitaʻia ai filifiliga e faatatau i togafitiga.
7. Suʻesuʻega o ponaivi: E ono faia se suʻesuʻega o ponaivi e iloa ai pe ua sosolo atu le kanesa i ponaivi.
8. O le CT scan (Computer Tomography): E mafai ona faaaogā le CT scan e siaki ai pe ua sosolo atu le kanesa i isi totoga po o isi vaega o le tino.
E tāua le iloa e lē o tamāloloa uma e maualuga le PSA pe e lē lelei foʻi le DRE, e maua i le kanesa o le prostate, ma e lē o kanesa uma o le prostate e faateleina ai le PSA.
O lea la, e manaʻomia ai se suʻesuʻega o le toto ina ia faamautinoa ai le maʻi.
E lē gata i lea, e faia le filifiliga e faia se suʻesuʻega o sela o le tino pe a uma ona iloiloina iʻuga o nei suʻesuʻega, ma vala e ono lamatia ai le tagata ma mea e manaʻo i ai.
Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.
Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
['Faamatalaga: faafomaʻi']
['O lenei upega tafaʻilagi ua saunia mo na o le aʻoaʻoina ma le faailoaina atu o faamatalaga, ae e lē o se fautuaga faafomaʻi po o se auaunaga faapolofesa.']
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['Faamolemole ia mātau, o le neural net lea e maua ai tali i fesili, e lē saʻo pe a oo i fuainumera.']
["Ia saʻili i taimi uma le fautuaga a lau fomaʻi poʻo se isi fomaʻi agavaa e tusa ai ma se maʻi. Aua neʻi e le amanaʻia fautuaga faʻapitoa a fomaʻi pe tuai ona saili ona o se mea na e faitauina i luga o lenei upega tafailagi. Afai e te manatu e ono i ai sau faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi, valaʻau le 911 pe alu i le potu lata ane faʻafuaseʻi. E leai se fomaʻi-tagata gasegase sootaga e faia e lenei 'upega tafaʻilagi poʻo lona faʻaaogaina. E leai se BioMedLib poʻo ana tagata faigaluega, poʻo se tasi e fesoasoani i lenei' upega tafaʻilagi, faia ni faʻamatalaga, faʻaalia pe faʻaalia, e tusa ai ma faʻamatalaga o loʻo tuʻuina atu iinei poʻo lona faʻaaogaina."]
['Faʻasalaga: puletaofia']
['O le Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (le DMCA) e maua ai le avanoa mo tagata e umia le puletaofia o loʻo talitonu o mea o loʻo aliali mai i luga o le Initaneti e solia ai a latou aia tatau i lalo o le tulafono a le US copyright. ']
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['O le DMCA e manaʻomia ai lau faʻasilasilaga o le faʻaleagaina o le puletaofia e aofia ai faʻamatalaga nei: (1) faʻamatalaga o le galuega faʻatagaina o loʻo faʻatatau i le faʻaleagaina o le puletaofia; (2) faʻamatalaga o le mea e ono solia ai ma faʻamatalaga lava e faʻatagaina ai matou ona maua le anotusi; (3) faʻamatalaga faʻafesoʻotaʻi mo oe, e aofia ai lau tuatusi, numera telefoni ma tuatusi imeli; (4) o se faʻamatalaga mai ia te oe o loʻo ia te oe le talitonuga lelei o le anotusi i le auala na faitio ai e le faʻatagaina e le pule o le puletaofia, poʻo lana sooupu, poʻo le faʻatinoina o soʻo se tulafono; ']
['(5) o se faamatalaga mai iā te oe, ua sainia i lalo o le faasalaga o le pepelo, e faapea o faamatalaga o loo i le faasilasilaga e saʻo ma e iai lau pule e faamalosia ai le aiā tatau lea o loo faapea mai ua solia; ']
['ma le (6) saini faaletino po o saini faaeletoroni a lē e ana le aiā tatau po o se tagata ua faatagaina e galue e fai ma sui o lē e ana le aiā tatau. ']
['Afai e lē o aofia uma faamatalaga o loo i luga, e ono faatuai ai ona iloilo lau faitioga.']
['Faafesootaʻi']
['Faamolemole lafo mai se imeli i so o se fesili / fautuaga.']
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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['E tusa o le']
['E faaaogā e le BioMedLib ni komepiuta (machine-learning algorithms) e faia ai ni fesili ma ni tali.']
['E amata i le 35 miliona lomiga faafomaʻi o le PubMed/Medline.']
['Tagaʻi i le "Faamatalaga" ma le "Faamatalaga".']
