What are the risk factors for Heart attack?

Koji su faktori rizika za srčani udar?

Postoji nekoliko faktora rizika za srčani udar, uključujući:

1. Starost: Rizik od srčanog udara se povećava sa godinama, posebno nakon 45. godine za muškarce i 55. godine za žene.

2. Visok nivo holesterola: Visok nivo LDL (lošeg) holesterola i nizak nivo HDL (dobrog) holesterola mogu povećati rizik od srčanog udara.

3. Visok krvni pritisak: Nekontrolisani visok krvni pritisak može oštetiti arterije i povećati rizik od srčanog udara.

4. Dijabetes: Ljudi sa dijabetesom su u većem riziku od srčanog udara zbog štete koju visoki nivo šećera u krvi može prouzrokovati krvnim žilama.

5. Prekomerna težina ili gojaznost: Prekomerna težina može povećati rizik od srčanog udara doprinoseći drugim faktorima rizika kao što su visok krvni pritisak i dijabetes.

6. Ne vežbanje: Nedostatak fizičke aktivnosti može doprineti razvoju srčanih bolesti i povećati rizik od srčanog udara.

7. Pušenje: Pušenje je glavni faktor rizika za srčani udar, jer oštećuje krvne sudove i povećava rizik od krvnih ugrušaka.

8. Porodična istorija: Porodična istorija srčanih bolesti može povećati rizik od srčanog udara.

9. Atrijalna fibrilacija: To je nepravilan srčani ritam koji može povećati rizik od srčanog udara i moždanog udara.

10. Prethodni srčani udar ili moždani udar: Ljudi koji su imali prethodni srčani udar ili moždani udar su u većem riziku da imaju još jedan.

11. Stres: Hronični stres može doprineti razvoju srčanih bolesti i povećati rizik od srčanog udara.

12. Autoimuna stanja: Stanje kao što su lupus i reumatoidni artritis mogu povećati rizik od srčanih bolesti kod žena.

13. Zdravstveni problemi povezani sa trudnoćom: Žene koje razviju gestacioni dijabetes ili hipertenziju tokom trudnoće su pod povećanim rizikom od razvoja srčanih bolesti kasnije u životu.

14. Nizak nivo estrogena: Žene koje su prošle kroz menopauzu ili su imale histerektomiju imaju niži nivo estrogena, što može povećati rizik od srčanih bolesti u poređenju sa ženama koje nisu.

Važno je napomenuti da, iako se neki faktori rizika, kao što su starost i porodična istorija, ne mogu promijeniti, mnogi drugi se mogu upravljati promjenama načina života i medicinskim intervencijama.

Redovni pregledi, održavanje zdrave ishrane, redovno vežbanje, odustajanje od pušenja i upravljanje hroničnim stanjima kao što su visok krvni pritisak i dijabetes mogu pomoći u smanjenju rizika od srčanog udara.

Referencije

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais: a street-intercept survey method. Int J Nurs Pract. 2010, 16 (5): 492-8.

Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Zawiah M, Elnaem MH, Mohamed Ibrahim MI: Awareness of the Risk Factors for Heart Attack Among the General Public in Pahang, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020, 13 (): 3089-3102.

Fussman C, Rafferty AP, Reeves MJ, Zackery S, Lyon-Callo S, Anderson B: Racial disparities in knowledge of stroke and heart attack risk factors and warning signs among Michigan adults. Ethn Dis. 2009, 19 (2): 128-34.

Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Fata Nahas AR: Development of questionnaire on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke among a Malaysian population. BMC Public Health. 2019, 19 (1): 1300.

Hwang SY, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Korean immigrants' knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008, 10 (1): 67-72.

Fukuoka Y, Oh YJ: Perceived Heart Attack Likelihood in Adults with a High Diabetes Risk. Heart Lung. , 52 (): 42-47.

Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais. West J Nurs Res. 2009, 31 (8): 1088-9.

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What are the risk factors for heart attack?

There are several risk factors for heart attack, including:

1. Age: The risk of heart attack increases with age, especially after the age of 45 for men and 55 for women.

2. High cholesterol levels: High levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol can increase the risk of heart attack.

3. High blood pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the arteries and increase the risk of heart attack.

4. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of heart attack due to the damage high blood sugar can cause to blood vessels.

5. Being overweight or obese: Excess weight can increase the risk of heart attack by contributing to other risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes.

6. Not exercising: Lack of physical activity can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.

7. Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attack, as it damages the blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.

8. Family history: A family history of heart disease can increase the risk of heart attack.

9. Atrial fibrillation: This is an irregular heart rhythm that can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.

10. Previous heart attack or stroke: People who have had a previous heart attack or stroke are at a higher risk of having another one.

11. Stress: Chronic stress can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.

12. Autoimmune conditions: Conditions such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can increase the risk of heart disease in women.

13. Pregnancy-related health problems: Women who develop gestational diabetes or hypertension during pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing heart disease later in life.

14. Low estrogen levels: Women who have gone through menopause or had a hysterectomy have lower levels of estrogen, which can increase their risk of heart disease compared to women who have not.

It is important to note that while some risk factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, many others can be managed through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.

Regular check-ups, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and managing chronic conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help reduce the risk of heart attack.

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