Aṭṭan n unfafad bu uεebbuḍ yettwassen s temsegrawt n yikayaden d tigawin, izemren ad d-ggrin:
1. Amezruy amejjay d ukayad n tfekka: Amejjay ad yesteqsi ɣef izmulen-ik, amezruy n ukeyyef, akked umezruy n twacult n ukansir n waḍu.
Ad gen daɣen akayad afizikan akken ad ẓren ma llan kra n izmulen n waṭṭan.
2. Tifekkiwin n tugna: Tissirt n Rray n tgeẓẓal d tṣekkiwin n tomography s uselkim (CT) ttwasqedcent s umata i usnulfu n tugniwin tifazlanin n yigḍaḍ d yisenfaren i ten-yezzin.
Tifekkiwin-a zemrent ad εiwnent deg uferru n kra n tmuɣliwin ur nṣeḥḥa ara, am tgezzumin neɣ tiɣbula, i izemren ad d-sseknen tilin n ukansir n waḍu.
3. Tissirt n tmijja: Tamuɣli n tmijja-k (amuc i d-yettusefḍen seg yifuyla) tettwafser s ukiruskup i unadi ɣef yizirigen n kunsir.
4. Tissirt: Yettwakkes-d yiwen n yimɣi seg uksum n waḍu u yettwaɣay s ukiruskup i wakken ad yettwaẓer ma llant deg-s tsilunin n kunsir.
Aya yezmer ad yettwaxdem s tarrayt n bronchoscopy, biopsy n tissegnit, neɣ biopsy n temhelt.
5. Bronchoscopy: Yettwasekcem yiwen n uṭub rqiq, yettfeǧǧijen s tkamira deg wanzaren neɣ deg yimi d akessar n tmijja akken ad yettwaḥsab ubrid n ubeḥri d yidufan.
Tarrayt-a tezmer daɣen ad tettwaseqdec i uḥawec n yimedyaten n tnefsit i tbiopsy.
6. Asekcem s tissegnit tawezzlant (FNA): Tettwasekcem tissegnit tawezzlant deg tgeẓẓayt n waḍu neɣ deg tgeẓẓayt n waḍu akken ad d-yettwakkes yiwen n yimedyat n yiɣsan i usekyed.
7. Thoracentesis: Tekkes-d tisit seg umkan yellan gar ifadden d lḥiḍ n ugerjum s tenzeɣt, sakin tettaf deg-s izirigen n kunsir.
8. Tiɣbula n yidammen: Xas akken tiɣbula n yidammen weḥd-sent ur zmirent ara ad d-sseknent akunsir n waḍu, zemrent ad εiwnent ad d-mlen ṣṣeḥḥa n umdan yerna ad d-mlilent kra n leεyub i d-yesskanen belli yesεa akunsir.
9. Tamuɣli n yiɣsan, MRI, PET scan, d yimuḍinen nniḍen: Timuḍinen-a zemrent ad ttwasqedcent i wakken ad ttwalim ma yella akunsir yuɣ amkan deg imukan nniḍen n tfekka.
Mi ara yettwaḍmen kan s ukansir n waḍu, zemren ad ttwasxedmen ikayaden nniḍen akken ad ttwasbedd uswir n ukansir, ayen ara iɛawnen deg usebded n rrayen n usafar.
Imuḍinen-a zemren ad sεun ugar n yikayaden n tugna, am uskan n CT n wallaɣ, uskan n iɣsan, neɣ uskan n tomography n usuffeɣ n positron (PET).
Zhou P, Lu F, Wang J, Wang K, Liu B, Li N, Tang B: A portable point-of-care testing system to diagnose lung cancer through the detection of exosomal miRNA in urine and saliva. Chem Commun (Camb). 2020, 56 (63): 8968-8971.
Ni J, Guo Z, Zhang L: [The diagnostic significance of single or combination lung cancer-related serum biomarkers in high risk lung cancer patients]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2016, 55 (1): 25-30.
Nishiyama N, Nakatani S, Iwasa R, Taguchi S, Inoue K, Kinoshita H: [Differential diagnosis between peripheral lung cancer invading the chest wall and chest-wall tumors]. Kyobu Geka. 1997, 50 (10): 893-7.
Kang C, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang F, Chen J: Construction and Validation of a Lung Cancer Diagnostic Model Based on 6-Gene Methylation Frequency in Blood, Clinical Features, and Serum Tumor Markers. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021, 2021 (): 9987067.
Heydari F, Rafsanjani MK: A Review on Lung Cancer Diagnosis Using Data Mining Algorithms. Curr Med Imaging. 2021, 17 (1): 16-26.
Li L, Feng T, Zhang W, Gao S, Wang R, Lv W, Zhu T, Yu H, Qian B: MicroRNA Biomarker hsa-miR-195-5p for Detecting the Risk of Lung Cancer. Int J Genomics. 2020, 2020 (): 7415909.
Li B, Yuan Q, Zou YT, Su T, Lin Q, Zhang YQ, Shi WQ, Liang RB, Ge QM, Li QY, Shao Y: CA-125, CA-153, and CYFRA21-1 as clinical indicators in male lung cancer with ocular metastasis. J Cancer. 2020, 11 (10): 2730-2736.
Magee ND, Villaumie JS, Marple ET, Ennis M, Elborn JS, McGarvey JJ: Ex vivo diagnosis of lung cancer using a Raman miniprobe. J Phys Chem B. 2009, 113 (23): 8137-41.
['Anfafad: amejjay']
['Asmel-a web yettunefk-d kan i yiswiyen n uselmed d usissen, ur d-yettak ara iwellihen imejjayen neɣ isefka udmawanen.']
['Isallen i d-yettunefken ur ilaq ara ad ttwasqedcen i usebded neɣ i usemḥi n kra n wugur n tezmert neɣ aṭṭan, yerna wid yettnadin ɣef yiwellihen imsujjiyen udmawanen yessefk ad ẓren amejjay yesɛan turagt.']
['Ttxil-k ẓer belli azeṭṭa amseddayan i d-yettaken tiririyin i tuttriwin, ur iṣeḥḥa ara mliḥ ma yella d ayen yerzan uḍḍun. D amedya, amḍan n yimdanen yettwaḍḍfen s kra n waṭṭan.']
['Ssutur dima ṛṛay n ṭṭbib-ik neɣ n kra n umejjay-nniḍen ara iwalmen ɣef waṭṭan-ik. Ɣur-k ad tḥeqreḍ ṛṛay n ṭṭbib amsadur neɣ ad tεeṭṭleḍ deg usuter-is ɣef lǧal n kra i teɣriḍ deg usmel-a. Ma tɣileḍ ahat tesεiḍ liḥala n tεeǧlanit deg tezmert, siwel 911 neɣ ṛuḥ ɣer texxamt n tεeǧlanit i d-iqerben. Ulac assaɣ gar ṭṭbib d umuḍin i d-yettnulfun s usmel-a neɣ aseqdec-is. BioMedLib neɣ ixeddamen-is, neɣ kra n win yettekkiyen deg usmel-a, ur d-ttaken ara yakk kra n yisumren, s wawal neɣ s usemres, ɣef ayen yerzan isallen i d-yettunefken dagi neɣ aseqdec-is.']
['Anekcum: azref n uḍfar']
['Asaḍuf n umeskar n yizerfan n wemdan n alfin (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) n 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) yettak-d ttawil i yimeskaren n yizerfan n wemdan i yumnen belli ayen i d-yettbanen deg Internet yettḍurru izerfan-nsen ddaw usaḍuf n umeskar n yizerfan n wemdan n Marikan. ']
['Ma tumneḍ s wul yelhan belli kra n taɣult neɣ taɣawsa yettwafken deg unermes-nneɣ neɣ deg yiqeddacen-nneɣ tegzem azref-ik n uḥraz, tzemreḍ (neɣ amsedday-ik) ad aɣ-d-tazneḍ izen akken ad nessuter asuffeɣ n taɣult neɣ n taɣawsa-nni, neɣ ad nessader tuqqna ɣer-s. ']
['Isental yessefk ad ttwazen s tira s yimayl (ẓer asebter "Contact" i tansa n yimayl).']
['DMCA teḥwaǧ isalli-inek n tukksa n yizerfan yettwanekṛen ad d-yeglu s yisallen-a: (1) asegzi n umahil yettwaḥerzen s yizerfan yettwanekṛen i d-yettwanekren; (2) asegzi n uḍris yettwanekren d yisallen ara aɣ-yeǧǧen ad d-naf uḍris-nni; (3) isallen n usiwel inek, ladɣa tansa-inek, uṭṭun n tilifun d tansa imayl; (4) awal sɣur-k d akken tumneḍ s wayen yelhan belli aḍris-nni s wamek i d-tettcetkiḍ ur yettwasemres ara sɣur bab n yizerfan, neɣ amesten-is, neɣ s useqdec n kra n usaḍuf; ']
['(5) yiwet n tseddi sɣur-k, yettwatten s uḥasef n lekdeb, d akken isallen yellan deg uzenzi d iṣeḥḥan u tesεiḍ azref ad tesseḍruḍ izerfan umeskar i d-yeqqaren ttwarẓen; ']
['akked (6) azmul n tfekka neɣ n tuqqna tagensit n bab n yizerfan neɣ n umdan yettwafernen ad yexdem s yisem n bab n yizerfan. ']
['Ma ur d-terriḍ ara isallen-agi akk, yezmer ad d-yeglu s uεeṭṭel deg usefrek n ucetki-inek.']
['Assaɣ']
['Ttxil-k azen-aɣ-d imayl ma tesεiḍ asteqsi / asumer.']
How is lung cancer diagnosed?
Lung cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Medical history and physical examination: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, smoking history, and family history of lung cancer.
They will also perform a physical examination to check for any signs of the disease.
2. Imaging tests: Chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly used to create detailed images of the lungs and surrounding structures.
These tests can help detect abnormalities, such as tumors or nodules, that may indicate the presence of lung cancer.
3. Sputum cytology: A sample of your sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
4. Biopsy: A sample of lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
This can be done through a bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
5. Bronchoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the nose or mouth and down the throat to examine the airways and lungs.
This procedure can also be used to collect tissue samples for biopsy.
6. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA): A thin needle is inserted into the lung nodule or mass to collect a sample of cells for examination.
7. Thoracentesis: Fluid is removed from the space between the lungs and chest wall using a needle, and the fluid is then examined for cancer cells.
8. Blood tests: While blood tests alone cannot diagnose lung cancer, they can help determine the overall health of the patient and identify any abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer.
9. Bone scan, mri, pet scan, and other tests: These tests may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once lung cancer is diagnosed, additional tests may be performed to determine the stage of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
These tests may include more imaging tests, such as a CT scan of the brain, bone scan, or positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
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