Aṭṭan n tgezzayt yettwassen s tuqqna n yikayaden d tigawin, izemren ad d-ggrin:
1. Akayad n tgeẓẓal s uḍad (DRE): Amejjay ad iger aḍad yettwasersen s tduli deg tgeẓẓalt akken ad iḥuss ma yella kra ur nleḥḥu ara deg tgeẓẓal.
2. Akayad n Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA): D akayad n yidammen i yettektilin agerdas n PSA, d taṛuwint i d-tettmagga tgezzayt n uwgelhen.
Aswir εlayen n PSA yezmer ad d-isbeggen tilin n ukansir n tbiwist.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): Yettwasekcem yiwen n usekyed amecṭuḥ deg teɣmert n teɣmert akken ad d-yettwaxleq tugna n tbiwist n uwgelhen s useqdec n tzelɣiwin n ṣṣut.
Aya yezmer ad d-iεawen ad d-banent kra n tuccḍiwin deg tferka n uwgelhen.
4. Tissirt: Yettwakkes-d yiwen n yimɣi amecṭuḥ seg uksum n tbiwist n uwgelhen u yettwaɣra ddaw n umikruskup i wakken ad d-iban ma llan yizirigen n ukunsir.
D wa kan i d abrid ibanen i usefrek n ukansir n tdawsa.
5. Taseɣleyt n usekyed n tdawsa n uwren: Aseɣleyt n tdawsa n uwren yezmer ad iεiwen ad d-iẓer kra n wayen ur nṣeḥḥa ara yerna ad iεiwen deg ufares n tesɣleyt.
6. Asekyed n ujinum: Kra n yimsujjiyen zemren ad sqedcen ikayaden ijinumyen akken ad εiwnen ad d-afen amek i d-yettwaɣ waṭṭan n kunsir yerna ad d-sfehmen tifranin n usafar.
7. Askan n yiɣsan: Yezmer ad yettwaxdem uskan n yiɣsan akken ad yettwaɛqel ma yuɣ-d ukunsir tiɣsan.
8. Tamuɣli s uselkim (CT): Tamuɣli s uselkim tezmer ad tettwaseqdec i wakken ad tmuqel ma yella akunsir yuɣ-d amkan deg izerfan neɣ deg yiẓuran nniḍen.
Yessefk ad neẓer belli mačči irgazen akk yesɛan tizmilin n PSA yuli neɣ igmaḍ n DRE ur nṣeḥḥa ara ad sεun akunsir n tbiwist, yerna mačči akk ikunsiren n tbiwist ara d-yeglun s tizmilin n PSA yuli.
Ihi, ilaq-as ukayad n yiɣes akken ad yettwasbedd waṭṭan.
Nnig waya, rray ɣef usekyed n tnefsit yettwaxdem deffir ma ttwaḥsaben igmaḍ n yikayaden-a d wayen i d-yettbegginen umihi akked wayen i yehwa i umdan.
Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.
Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
['Anfafad: amejjay']
['Asmel-a web yettunefk-d kan i yiswiyen n uselmed d usissen, ur d-yettak ara iwellihen imejjayen neɣ isefka udmawanen.']
['Isallen i d-yettunefken ur ilaq ara ad ttwasqedcen i usebded neɣ i usemḥi n kra n wugur n tezmert neɣ aṭṭan, yerna wid yettnadin ɣef yiwellihen imsujjiyen udmawanen yessefk ad ẓren amejjay yesɛan turagt.']
['Ttxil-k ẓer belli azeṭṭa amseddayan i d-yettaken tiririyin i tuttriwin, ur iṣeḥḥa ara mliḥ ma yella d ayen yerzan uḍḍun. D amedya, amḍan n yimdanen yettwaḍḍfen s kra n waṭṭan.']
['Ssutur dima ṛṛay n ṭṭbib-ik neɣ n kra n umejjay-nniḍen ara iwalmen ɣef waṭṭan-ik. Ɣur-k ad tḥeqreḍ ṛṛay n ṭṭbib amsadur neɣ ad tεeṭṭleḍ deg usuter-is ɣef lǧal n kra i teɣriḍ deg usmel-a. Ma tɣileḍ ahat tesεiḍ liḥala n tεeǧlanit deg tezmert, siwel 911 neɣ ṛuḥ ɣer texxamt n tεeǧlanit i d-iqerben. Ulac assaɣ gar ṭṭbib d umuḍin i d-yettnulfun s usmel-a neɣ aseqdec-is. BioMedLib neɣ ixeddamen-is, neɣ kra n win yettekkiyen deg usmel-a, ur d-ttaken ara yakk kra n yisumren, s wawal neɣ s usemres, ɣef ayen yerzan isallen i d-yettunefken dagi neɣ aseqdec-is.']
['Anekcum: azref n uḍfar']
['Asaḍuf n umeskar n yizerfan n wemdan n alfin (Digital Millennium Copyright Act) n 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) yettak-d ttawil i yimeskaren n yizerfan n wemdan i yumnen belli ayen i d-yettbanen deg Internet yettḍurru izerfan-nsen ddaw usaḍuf n umeskar n yizerfan n wemdan n Marikan. ']
['Ma tumneḍ s wul yelhan belli kra n taɣult neɣ taɣawsa yettwafken deg unermes-nneɣ neɣ deg yiqeddacen-nneɣ tegzem azref-ik n uḥraz, tzemreḍ (neɣ amsedday-ik) ad aɣ-d-tazneḍ izen akken ad nessuter asuffeɣ n taɣult neɣ n taɣawsa-nni, neɣ ad nessader tuqqna ɣer-s. ']
['Isental yessefk ad ttwazen s tira s yimayl (ẓer asebter "Contact" i tansa n yimayl).']
['DMCA teḥwaǧ isalli-inek n tukksa n yizerfan yettwanekṛen ad d-yeglu s yisallen-a: (1) asegzi n umahil yettwaḥerzen s yizerfan yettwanekṛen i d-yettwanekren; (2) asegzi n uḍris yettwanekren d yisallen ara aɣ-yeǧǧen ad d-naf uḍris-nni; (3) isallen n usiwel inek, ladɣa tansa-inek, uṭṭun n tilifun d tansa imayl; (4) awal sɣur-k d akken tumneḍ s wayen yelhan belli aḍris-nni s wamek i d-tettcetkiḍ ur yettwasemres ara sɣur bab n yizerfan, neɣ amesten-is, neɣ s useqdec n kra n usaḍuf; ']
['(5) yiwet n tseddi sɣur-k, yettwatten s uḥasef n lekdeb, d akken isallen yellan deg uzenzi d iṣeḥḥan u tesεiḍ azref ad tesseḍruḍ izerfan umeskar i d-yeqqaren ttwarẓen; ']
['akked (6) azmul n tfekka neɣ n tuqqna tagensit n bab n yizerfan neɣ n umdan yettwafernen ad yexdem s yisem n bab n yizerfan. ']
['Ma ur d-terriḍ ara isallen-agi akk, yezmer ad d-yeglu s uεeṭṭel deg usefrek n ucetki-inek.']
['Assaɣ']
['Ttxil-k azen-aɣ-d imayl ma tesεiḍ asteqsi / asumer.']
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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['Nebda s 35 imelyan n teẓrigin n tesnujjya tameddurt n PubMed/Medline. Rnu daɣen, isebtar n web n RefinedWeb.']
