Mũndũ nũtonya kwoneka e na kanza ya kĩthũi aitũmĩa nzĩa syĩ kĩvathũkany'o ta ii:
1. Kũkunĩkĩwa kwa ĩmutha (Digital Rectal Exam [DRE]): Ndakĩtalĩ ekĩaa kyavati kĩthithu nthĩnĩ wa ĩmutha nĩ kana amanye ethĩwa ve kĩndũ kĩte kĩtheu.
2. Kwĩthima prostate-specific antigen (PSA): Mũndũ athemba nĩw'o ũkunĩkĩlawa ethĩwa e na mũthemba mũna wa proteini ĩla yĩtawa PSA ĩla yumĩlaa nthĩnĩ wa ĩvĩndĩ ya mũndũũme.
Ethĩwa PSA yĩ ĩũlũ mũno, no kwĩthĩwa ũwaĩte kanza ya prostate.
3. Kwĩthĩwa na visa wa kĩthũi kya mũndũũme (transrectal ultrasound [TRUS]): Mũndũ ekĩawa kamasinĩ kanini nthĩnĩ wa ĩvĩndĩ ya ĩvĩndĩ ya mũndũũme nĩ kana amanye vala kĩthũi kya mũndũũme kĩilyĩ.
Kwĩka ũu no kũũtetheesye kũmanya ethĩwa ve ũndũ ũilyĩ nthĩnĩ wa ĩvĩndĩ yĩu.
4. Kwĩyĩosya: Mũndũ atwawa kĩthũi kya prostate nĩ kana athime ethĩwa ve ũwau wa kanza.
Vai nzĩa ĩngĩ ĩtonya kũtuma mũndũ amanya kana e na kanza ya prostate ate na nzika.
5. Masinĩ sya MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): Masinĩ isu nitũmĩawa kũmanya vala ve ũwau wa prostate na nitũmĩawa kwĩka biopsy.
7. Kĩthito kya mavĩndĩ: Mũndũ no athimwe nĩ kana amanye ethĩwa ve ũwau wa kanza ũnyaĩĩkĩte mavĩndĩ.
8. Kĩndũ kĩngĩ kĩtonya kũtũtetheesya kũmanya kana mũndũ e na kanza nĩ kombiũta yĩtawa Computed Tomography (CT): Mũndũ no atũmĩe kombiũta ĩsu kũmanya kana kanza nĩyavikie mamutha angĩ kana yĩ na mathĩna angĩ.
Ti aũme onthe me na PSA yĩ ĩũlũ kana DRE yĩ ĩũlũ methĩawa na kanza ya prostate, na ti kanza syonthe sya prostate syesaa kũtuma PSA yĩ ĩũlũ.
Kwoou nĩ kana ũkunĩkĩli wĩthĩwe wĩ wa w'o, no nginya mũndũ ekwe ũkunĩkĩli wa mamutha ma mwĩĩ (biopsy).
O na ĩngĩ, mũndũ atw'a kana nũkũtũmĩa nzĩa ĩsu ethĩawa asũanĩa mũno ĩũlũ wa kĩla kĩũneenewa nĩ ũkunĩkĩli ũsu vamwe na maũndũ ala matonya kũtuma ethĩwa na ũwau ũsu na maũndũ ala ũkwenda ndakeke.
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Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
['Ũtao:']
["Kĩsese kĩĩ kĩseũvĩtw'e kwondũ wa kũmanyĩsya na kũtetheesya andũ, ĩndĩ ti kũnengane motao ma ũiiti kana ũtethyo ũngĩ."]
['Ũvoo ũla wĩ vo ndwaĩle kũtũmĩwa kũĩkĩĩthya kana mũndũ e na ũwau mũna, na ala mekwenda ũtao wa ũiiti maĩle kũneena na ndakĩtalĩ.']
["Kwa ngelekany'o, ĩla mũndũ wakũlya ĩkũlyo yĩ na namba, no amanye kana mũndũ ũsu e na ũwau mũna."]
['Kĩla ĩvinda neena na ndakĩtalĩ waku kana mũndũ ũngĩ ũsomeete maũndũ ma ũiiti. Ndũkaatate kũlea kana kũkua ĩvinda ũimũkũlya ũtao aĩ nũndũ wa maũndũ amwe wasoma Kĩsesenĩ kĩĩ. Ethĩwa wĩona ta wĩ na thĩna wa mĩtũkĩ, neena na namba ya 911 kana ũthi sivitalĩ ya mĩtũkĩ ĩla yĩ vakuvĩ.']
['Ũtao:']
['The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) nĩyaĩtye kana ala me na ũthasyo wa kumĩthya syĩndũ ila syĩ Indanetinĩ nĩmaĩle kũtata ũndũ matonya nĩ kana maĩkĩĩthye kana syĩndũ ila mekumĩthya nĩsyavĩnga mĩao ya nthĩ ya Amelika.']
['Ethĩwa wĩ na mũĩkĩĩo kana ũvoo ũla wĩ kĩsesenĩ kitũ kana nthĩnĩ wa syĩndũ ila tumasya nũvĩtĩsye mĩao yaku, no ũtũtũmĩe valũa ũũtwĩĩte kana no ũtũsiĩĩe tũikamĩsome.']
["Mĩao ya DMCA yaĩtye kana no nginya ũvoo ũla ũũtũmĩa kũtũtavya kana ve kĩndũ kĩna kĩnavĩnga mĩao ya kumĩthya syĩndũ wĩthĩwe na ũvoo ũũ: (1) ũvoo ĩũlũ wa syĩndũ ila iwetetwe kana nĩsyo ivĩngĩĩsiwe nĩ mĩao ĩsu; (2) ũvoo ĩũlũ wa syĩndũ ila iwetetwe kana nĩsyo ivĩngĩĩsiwe nĩ mĩao ĩsu na ũvoo ũtonya kũtũtetheesya kũmanya vala syĩndũ isu syĩ; (3) ũndũ ũtonya kũtũtavya ũndũ ũtonya kũtũtavya ũndũ ũtonya kũũkũlya, ta vala wĩkalaa, namba yaku ya simũ, na valũa waku wa simũ; (4) ũĩkĩĩthyo ũkwonany'a kana wĩ na mũĩkĩĩo kana syĩndũ ila iwetetwe vau iyĩtĩkĩlĩtw'e nĩ ũla wĩ na ũthasyo wa kũseũvya syĩndũ, kana nĩ mũũngamĩi wasyo, kana nĩ mĩao ĩngĩ."]
["(5) ũĩkĩĩthyo kuma kwaku, ũla ũandĩkĩte ũikĩa ũkũsĩ ũte wa w'o, kana ũvoo ũla wĩ nthĩnĩ wa livoti nĩ wa w'o na kana wĩ na ũkũmũ wa kũũngamĩa maũndũ ala mawetwa nĩ ũla ũkũũmĩw'a;"]
['Na (6) saii ya mwene syĩndũ kana mũndũ ũla ũnengetwe ũkũmũ wa kwĩka maũndũ kwondũ wake.']
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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