Pathophysiology ya cancer ya nyondo ĩkoragwo na ũgarũrũku ũtarĩ wa ndũire harĩ mĩrutĩre na njĩra cia ndũire iria cionekaga harĩ gũkũra na gũthũka kwa cancer ya nyondo.
Ũtuĩria ũcio ũhutĩtie gũthuthuria ũrĩa tũindo twa muoyo tũrĩa tũkoragwo thĩinĩ wa nyina tũthondeketwo, tũrĩa tũkoragwo na tũcunjĩ tũnini tũrĩa tũthondekete kahengereta, tũrĩa tũkoragwo na tũcunjĩ tũnini tũrĩa tũthondekete mwĩrĩ, na tũrĩa tũkoragwo na tũcunjĩ tũnini tũrĩa tũthondekete mwĩrĩ.
Ũguo nĩ hamwe na maũndũ ma kĩĩmerera, kĩĩmerera-inĩ, na maũndũ megiĩ maũndũ marĩa matũmaga mũndũ ambĩrĩrie, na matũme athiĩ na mbere kũgĩa na kansa ya nyondo.
Mamwe ma maũndũ marĩa matambagia mũrimũ ũyũ mũno harĩ mũndũ ũrĩ na cancer ya nyondo nĩ:
1. Mogarũrũku ma DNA: Mogarũrũku ma DNA mamwe ta ma BRCA1 na BRCA2, no matũme mũndũ akũrie kansa ya nyondo.
Mogarũrũku macio no maumanire na mũciari kana mũndũ erute muoyo-inĩ wake wothe.
2. Kwaga kũiganana kwa homoni: Homoni, na makĩria estrogen, no inyite itemi harĩ gũkũra na gũkũra kwa kansa ya nyondo.
Kwaga kũigananio kwa homoni kana kũhũthĩra estrogen makĩria no kuongerere ũgwati wa mũndũ kũgĩa na kansa ya nyondo.
3. Kũimba: Kũimba mũno thĩinĩ wa nyondo no gũtũme mũndũ agĩe na kansa ya nyondo na njĩra ya gũtũma tũhengereta twa kansa tũingĩhe na tũhote gũikara.
4. Thĩ ĩrĩa mũndũ arĩ nayo: Thĩ ĩrĩa ĩrigicĩirie, o hamwe na tũcunjĩ twa mwĩrĩ, tũhengereta twa mwĩrĩ, na thakame, no ĩhutie ũrĩa kansa ya nyondo ĩkũraga na ĩgathiĩ ĩtheremete.
5. Kanza ya nyondo: No ĩtambũrũke ĩgĩthiĩ ciĩga-inĩ ingĩ cia mwĩrĩ kũgerera thakame kana njĩra ya mahũri, ĩgatũma ciĩga ingĩ irĩ kũraya nacio ikorũo na kansa.
Kũmenya mũrimũ ũyũ wa cancer ya nyondo nĩ kwa bata mũno harĩ gũthondeka njĩra cia kũgirĩrĩria, kũmenya kĩambĩrĩria na kũrigita.
Underwood SM: Breast cancer in African American women: nursing essentials. ABNF J. , 17 (1): 3-14.
Paliwal SR, Paliwal R, Agrawal GP, Vyas SP: Liposomal nanomedicine for breast cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2011, 6 (6): 1085-100.
Rauch GM, Adrada BE: Comparison of Breast MR Imaging with Molecular Breast Imaging in Breast Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, Staging, and Treatment Response Evaluation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2018, 26 (2): 273-280.
Wei H, Wang H, Ji Q, Sun J, Tao L, Zhou X: NRBP1 is downregulated in breast cancer and NRBP1 overexpression inhibits cancer cell proliferation through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther. 2015, 8 (): 3721-30.
Eden JA: Human breast cancer stem cells and sex hormones--a narrative review. Menopause. 2010, 17 (4): 801-10.
Schneider BP, Winer EP, Foulkes WD, Garber J, Perou CM, Richardson A, Sledge GW, Carey LA: Triple-negative breast cancer: risk factors to potential targets. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14 (24): 8010-8.
['Ũkaana: thibitarĩ']
['Website ĩno ĩkoragwo ĩrĩ ya kũrutana na kũheana ũhoro tu na ti ya kũheana ũtaaro wa ũrigitani kana ũtungata wa kĩĩmwĩrĩ.']
['Ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ thĩinĩ wa broshua ĩyo ndwagĩrĩirũo kũhũthĩrũo gũthima kana kũrigita mũrimũ mũna, na arĩa marenda ũtaaro wa ũrigitani magĩrĩirũo gũcaria ũteithio wa ndagĩtarĩ.']
['No wone atĩ netiwaki ya neuron ĩrĩa ĩheanaga macokio ma ciũria icio, ndĩkoragwo na ũkinyanĩru mũno ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ namba. Kwa ngerekano, mũigana wa andũ arĩa magwatĩtio mũrimũ mũna.']
['Hingo ciothe caria ũtaaro wa ndagĩtarĩ kana mũndũ ũngĩ wagĩrĩire ũgima-inĩ waku wa mwĩrĩ igũrũ rĩgiĩ mũrimũ. Ndũkaanahũthie ũtaaro wa ndagĩtarĩ kana ũcererũo kũũcaria nĩ ũndũ wa ũndũ ũthomete thĩinĩ wa website ĩno. Ũngĩkorũo ũrona ta wacemania na ũndũ mũhiũ, hũra thimũ 911 kana ũthiĩ thibitarĩ ya hakuhĩ na harĩa ũrĩ. Gũtirĩ ũrata wa ndagĩtarĩ na mũrwaru wonekaga nĩ ũndũ wa website ĩno kana kũhũthĩrũo kwayo. BioMedLib kana aruti ayo a wĩra, kana mũndũ ũngĩ wothe ũrutĩte wĩra thĩinĩ wa website ĩno, ndarĩ na ũira, wa ĩmwe kwa ĩmwe kana wa ĩmwe kwa ĩmwe, wĩgiĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũheanĩtwo ho kana ũrĩa ũhũthĩrĩtwo.']
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['Watho wa Digital Millennium Copyright Act wa 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) ũheanaga ũhoti wa ene a ihoto cia wandĩki arĩa metĩkĩtie atĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũroneka intanetiinĩ nĩ ũtharĩtie ihooto ciao kũringana na watho wa U.S. wa ihoto cia wandĩki.']
['Ũngĩkorũo na wĩtĩkio atĩ ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩna gĩtahingũrĩtwo ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ website kana ũtungata witũ nĩ gĩgũthũkia ihooto ciaku, wee (kana mũndũ ũrĩa ũgũgũthondekera) no ũtũtũmĩre notithi ũkĩũria ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩu kĩeherio, kana ũrigĩrĩrio ndũgacihũthĩre.']
["Marũa macio magĩrĩire gũtũmwo na njĩra ya kwandĩkwo na e-mail (rora ũhoro wa andirethi gĩcunjĩinĩ kĩa 'Maũndũ ma kwaranĩria')."]
['DMCA ĩbataraga atĩ notithi yaku ya kuuna ihooto cia wandĩki ĩkorwo na ũhoro ũyũ: (1) ũtaarĩria wa wĩra ũrĩa ũrĩ na ihooto cia wandĩki ũrĩa ũrarumwo; (2) ũtaarĩria wa ũhoro ũrĩa ũrarumwo na ũhoro mũiganu wa gũtũhotithia kũmenya kũrĩa ũhoro ũcio ũrĩ; (3) ũhoro waku wa kwaranĩria, hamwe na andirethi, namba ya thimũ na andirethi ya e-mail; (4) ndũmĩrĩri yaku atĩ wĩ na wĩtĩkio mwega atĩ ũhoro ũcio ũramenererio ndũrĩ na rũtha rwa mwene wa watho, kana mũrũgamĩrĩri, kana rwa watho o wothe; ']
['(5) nĩ mwandĩkanĩire, na nĩ mũkũheo mũkaana wa kũheenania, atĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ kĩmenyithiainĩ kĩu nĩ wa ma na atĩ mũrĩ na ũhoti wa kũhingia ihooto iria mũreganĩte nacio;']
['na (6) kĩrore kĩa mwene kĩhoto kana kĩa mũndũ wĩtĩkĩritio gwĩtongoria handũ ha mwene kĩhoto.']
['Kwaga kwandĩka ũhoro ũcio wothe no gũtũme gũtangĩka gwaku kũhĩtũke.']
['Ũhoro wa Kwaranĩria']
['Tũma ndũmĩrĩri ya kũbucia kũgerera thimũ kana thimũ ya mohoro.']
What is pathophysiology of breast cancer?
Pathophysiology of breast cancer refers to the abnormal changes in the normal physiological processes and mechanisms that occur in the development and progression of breast cancer.
It involves the study of the underlying biological and molecular mechanisms that lead to the uncontrolled growth and spread of cancer cells in the breast tissue.
This includes the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that contribute to the initiation, promotion, and progression of breast cancer.
Some of the key pathophysiological changes in breast cancer include:
1. Genetic mutations: Mutations in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.
These mutations can be inherited or acquired during a person's lifetime.
2. Hormonal imbalances: Hormones, particularly estrogen, can play a role in the development and growth of breast cancer.
An imbalance in hormone levels or exposure to excess estrogen can increase the risk of breast cancer.
3. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation in the breast tissue can contribute to the development of breast cancer by promoting the growth and survival of cancer cells.
4. Tumor microenvironment: The environment surrounding the tumor, including the extracellular matrix, immune cells, and blood vessels, can influence the growth and spread of breast cancer.
5. Metastasis: Breast cancer can spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream, leading to the formation of secondary tumors in distant organs.
Understanding the pathophysiology of breast cancer is crucial for developing effective prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies.
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