El cancher de prostata l"è diagnosticad travers una combinazion de test e procediment, qe pœden includer:
1. Esame retal digital (DRE): Un dutur el met un dedo guantad e lubrificad ind el retal per tastar la prostata per vedè se g'è di anormalità.
2. Test de l'antigene prostatico specific (PSA): l"è un test del sangh qe 'l misura el livel de PSA, una proteina prodota de la prostata.
I livel elevaa de PSA pœden indicar la presenza de cancer de prostata.
3. Ultrasound transretal (TRUS): Una sonda piscinina l"è inserida ind el retto per creà una imagen de la prostata duperand ond sonore.
Chestu el pœu aiutà a identificà qualunque anormalità ind la prostata.
4. Biopsia: Un picul campiun de tessud de prostata l"è tolt e esaminaa sota un microscop per la presenza de cellule cancerose.
Chèsta l"è l'ünich manér definitif per diagnosticà el cancher de prostata.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Una scansion MRI de la prostata la pœl jutar a identificar qual-sa-vœlta anormalità e guidar la procedura de biopsia.
6. Test genomich: Alcuni dutur pœden doperar test genomich per jutar a determinar l'aggressività del cancher e guidar i decizion de cura.
7. Scansione ossea: Una scansione ossea pœu vesser eseguida per controllar se el cancher el s'è spantegad ai oss.
8. Tomografia computerizada (CT): Una tomografia computerizada la pœl vesser doperada per verificà se el cancher el s'è spantegad a olter organ o tessud.
L'è important de tegnì cont che minga tücc i òmen cun di livèll elevà del PSA o di resultà anormal del DRE g'han el cancher de prostata, e minga tücc i cancher de prostata g'han di livèll elevà del PSA.
Per quest, una biopsia l"è necessaria per confermà la diagnosi.
Inoltra, la decision de fà una biopsia l"è fada dopu avè cunsiderà i resultà de'sti test e i fattur de ris'c e i preferenz de l'individuv.
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Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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