How is Colon cancer diagnosed?

Mmunyi mutubu bakuata disama dia kansere ka mu tshifu?

Batu bakuata disama dia kansere ka mu tshiadi ne mateta ne ngondapilu mishilashilangane bu mudi:

1. Dikonkonona dia mubidi: Munganga udi ukonkonona mubidi bua kumona bikalawu ne disama kampanda.

2. Mateta a mashi: Mateta a mashi adi mua kuambuluisha bua kumanya bikala mashi ne amue malu adi kaayi a pa tshibidilu adi mua kuleja ne: udi ne disama dia kansere.

3. Diteta dia mu lukita: Diteta dia mu lukita didi mua kuleja ne: mu lukita mudi mashi adi mua kuikala tshimanyinu tshia kansere ka mu tshifu.

4. Dipeta lumonu lua mu tshifu: Mu mushindu eu batu bela mu tshifu tshia munda kamutanda kakese kadi ne butoke ne kamera bua kumona mu tshifu.

Padi munganga wenza mateta aa, udi kabidi mua kuangata bitupa bia mubidi bua kumona ni bidi ne kansere.

5. Sigmoidoscopie: Anu bu mu mushindu wa dienza dia colonoscopie, mu sigmoidoscopie batu bakonkonona tshitupa tshia muinshi tshia mufuba munene.

6. Kuenza tomographie du côlon: Mmushindu wa kuenza tomographie du côlon udi uleja mu mushindu wa 3D.

7. Diteta dia mashi adi mu matanda: Diteta edi didi dienza bua kumona bikala mashi mu matanda, bualu ebu budi mua kuleja ne: udi ne disama dia kansere.

8. Dikuatshisha dia barium didi ne bintu bibidi bia dishilangana: Edi ndikonkonona dia mu tshifu ne dia mu nshingu ne nzembu, ne batu benza nadi mudimu bua kumona bintu bidi kabiyi biakanyine.

9. Dipanda dia bitupa bia mubidi: Dipanda dia bitupa bia mubidi didi diumvuija kumbusha ndambu mukese wa bitupa bia mubidi mu colon bua kubibala ku tshiamu tshia microscope bua kumona bikalabi ne kansere.

10. Mateta a kuenzaye ne bimfuanyi: Badi mua kuenza mateta a CT, MRI ne a mu tshiadi bua kumanya bikala kansere kakadi kabanda mu bitupa bikuabu bia mubidi.

Padi munganga umona ne: udi ne disama dia kansere ka mu tshiadi, udi umanya tshikondo tshidi disama edi, ne bualu ebu budi buambuluisha bua kumanya mushindu muimpe wa kudiondopa.

Batu bateka bitupa bia disama bilondeshile bunene ne muaba udidi, ne bikala disama edi ditampakane mu bitupa bikuabu bia mubidi.

['Malu adibu bafunde']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Su Y, Tian X, Gao R, Guo W, Chen C, Chen C, Jia D, Li H, Lv X: Colon cancer diagnosis and staging classification based on machine learning and bioinformatics analysis. Comput Biol Med. 2022, 145 (): 105409.

Khan FA, Albalawi R, Pottoo FH: Trends in targeted delivery of nanomaterials in colon cancer diagnosis and treatment. Med Res Rev. 2022, 42 (1): 227-258.

Shi J, Fei J, Yi Q, Shen L, Wan B, Chen Y, Chang Q: Treatment of colon cancer in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. BMC Cancer. 2018, 18 (1): 961.

Ren QG, Huang T, Yang SL, Hu JL: Colon cancer metastasis to the mandibular gingiva with partial occult squamous differentiation: A case report and literature review. Mol Clin Oncol. 2017, 6 (2): 189-192.

Feng HT, Zou S, Chen M, Xiong F, Lee MH, Fang L, Tang BZ: Tuning Push-Pull Electronic Effects of AIEgens to Boost the Theranostic Efficacy for Colon Cancer. J Am Chem Soc. 2020, 142 (26): 11442-11450.

Slattery ML, Kerber RA: The impact of family history of colon cancer on survival after diagnosis with colon cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 1995, 24 (5): 888-96.

Tada M: [Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer]. Rinsho Byori. 1990, 38 (4): 403-6.

['Dibenga kuambula bujitu: bua malu a luondapu']

['Site eu udi ne tshipatshila tshia kulongesha ne kumanyisha patupu, ki ntshia kufila mibelu ya manga anyi midimu ya baminganga to.']

['Malu adibu bafile aa kaena ne bua kuambuluisha bua kumanya disama kampanda anyi bua kudiondopa to, ne bantu badi bakeba mibelu ya malu a luondapu badi ne bua kuyikila ne munganga udi ne mukanda wa dianyisha dia mudimu.']

['Tangila ne: ordinatere udi ufila mandamuna a nkonko eyi utu utamba kupanga kujadika malu padiwu ne malu a bungi bu mudi bungi bua bantu badibu bakuate ne disama kampanda.']

['Ikala misangu yonso ukeba mibelu ya munganga anyi ya munganga mukuabu udi mumanye bimpe malu a luondapu. Kupepeji mibelu ya baminganga anyi kuanji kuanji kuindila bua kuyikeba anu bua bualu kampanda buudi mubale mu site eu to. Wewe wela meji ne: udi ne disama dia lukasa, fubidila 911 anyi ndaku diakamue ku lupitadi lua pabuipi nebe. Site eu anyi dienza mudimu nende ki mbienze bua kuikale malanda pankatshi pa munganga ne mubedi to.']

['Dibenga kutumikila mikenji: bukenji bua kufunda']

['Mikenji ya mu États-Unis idi ilomba bantu badi ne bukenji bua kuenza bintu kampanda bua kuenzabu malu makuabu.']

['Wewe mumone ne: bualu kampanda budi mu site wetu anyi mu midimu yetu budi bunyanga manême ebe a bintu, udi mua kututumina mukanda bua kutulomba bua kubujikija anyi kubupangisha bua kububala.']

['Badi ne bua kutuma dimanyisha edi mu mukanda ku Enternete (bala tshiena-bualu tshia "Contact" bua kupeta adrese wa Enternete). ']

['DMCA udi ulomba ne: mu dimanyisha diebe dia bualu budibu bamba ne: mbupangile bukenji bua kufundilangana malu mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik']

['5) mukanda uudi wewe muine mufunde udi uleja ne: malu adi mu mukanda eu mmalelela ne udi ne bukokeshi bua kuenzeja bukenji budibu bamba ne: mbunyange.']

['ne 6) tshiala tshia muena bukenji anyi tshia muntu udi ne bukokeshi bua kuenza malu mu dîna dia muena bukenji. ']

['Wewe kuyi mufunde malu onso aa, udi mua kuladikija tshilumbu tshiebe.']

['Diyukidilangana']

['Nudi mua kututumina mesaje a ku Enternete ne lukonko anyi lungenyi luenu luonso.']

How is colon cancer diagnosed?

Colon cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:

1. Physical examination: A doctor will perform a physical examination to check for any abnormalities or signs of illness.

2. Blood tests: Blood tests can help determine if there are any abnormalities in the blood that may indicate the presence of cancer.

3. Stool tests: A stool test can detect the presence of blood in the stool, which may be a sign of colon cancer.

4. Colonoscopy: This is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end is inserted into the rectum to examine the colon.

During a colonoscopy, the doctor can also take tissue samples (biopsies) to be examined for cancer cells.

5. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, a sigmoidoscopy examines the lower part of the colon.

6. Virtual colonoscopy: This is a CT scan of the colon that creates a 3D image of the colon and rectum.

7. Fecal occult blood test: This test checks for the presence of blood in the stool, which may indicate the presence of cancer.

8. Double-contrast barium enema: This is an x-ray examination of the colon and rectum, in which a contrast material is used to highlight any abnormalities.

9. Biopsy: A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue from the colon for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.

10. Imaging tests: CT scans, MRI scans, and chest x-rays may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Once a diagnosis of colon cancer is made, the doctor will determine the stage of the cancer, which helps determine the best course of treatment.

Staging is based on the size and location of the tumor, as well as whether it has spread to other parts of the body.

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