7. Gusuzuma amagufa: Umuntu arashobora gusuzuma amagufa kugira ngo arabe ko kanseri yoba yarakwiragiye mu magufa.
8. Imashini ifata amashusho y'umubiri (tomodensitométrie): Imashini ifata amashusho y'umubiri (tomodensitométrie) irashobora gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma nimba kanseri yakwiragiye mu bindi bihimba vy'umubiri canke mu bindi bihimba vy'umubiri.
Ni vyiza kumenya ko atari abagabo bose bafise urugero rwa PSA rurengeye canke ibipimo vya DRE bidasanzwe baba bafise kanseri ya prostate, kandi ko atari kanseri zose za prostate zituma urugero rwa PSA rurenga urugero.
Ni co gituma bisaba ko umuntu afata ibihimba vy'umubiri kugira ngo basuzume neza ko arwaye.
Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.
Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
['Urupapuro rwemeza ko ata ruhusha:']
["Uru rubuga rw'ivy'ubuvuzi ruratangwa ku bw'inyigisho no ku bw'ukumenyesha amakuru gusa, ntirutanga impanuro mu vy'ubuvuzi canke ngo rube urwego rw'abahinga mu vy'ubuvuzi."]
["Itegeko ryo mu 1998 ryerekeye uburenganzira umuntu afise mu vyo akoresha mu guhanahana amakuru (Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) ritanga uburenganzira ku bantu bafise uburenganzira bwo guhanahana amakuru babona ko ibintu vyerekanwa kuri Internet bihonyanga uburenganzira bwabo hisunzwe amategeko ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ajanye n'uburenganzira umuntu afise. "]
['Mu gihe wibaza ko hari ibintu canke ibikoresho vyabonetse ku rubuga rwacu canke ku mbuga zacu bibangamiye uburenganzira bwawe, wewe (canke uwukugenzura) urashobora kuturungikira ubutumwa busaba ko ivyo bintu canke ivyo bikoresho bikurwaho canke ko bitagisubira kuboneka. ']
['Amatangazo ategerezwa kurungikwa mu nyandiko hakoreshejwe ubutumwa bwa "email" (raba ahavuga ngo "Kwitaba" kugira ngo umenye aderese ya "email").']
["Itegeko rya DMCA risaba ko umenyesha ko hari uwugomba guhonyanga uburenganzira bwawe mu gutanga amakuru akurikira: (1) idondorwa ry'igikorwa gikingiwe n'amategeko kiriko kiragirizwa guhonyanga uburenganzira bwawe; (2) idondorwa ry'ibiri mu vyo bavuga ko bihonyanga uburenganzira bwawe be n'amakuru ahagije atuma dushobora kumenya aho biri; (3) amakuru y'ukuntu twokwifatanya nawe, harimwo aderese yawe, inomero za telefone n'ikete ryawe ryo kurungikiranira ubutumwa kuri internet; (4) ivyemeza ko wemera udakeka ko ivyo bintu biri mu buryo uriko uridodombera bitahawe uburenganzira n'uwabitunganije, canke uwubiserukira, canke n'itegeko iryo ari ryo ryose; "]
["(5) urwandiko rwanditswe n'uwatanze iyo notifica-tion, rwemeza ko amakuru ari muri iyo notifica-tion ari ay'ukuri kandi ko afise ububasha bwo gukurikirana ivy'uwo muntu avuga ko yahonyanze uburenganzira bwiwe; "]
['Turakwinginze uturungikire ubutumwa kuri email ufise ikibazo / iciyumviro.']
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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