2. Kwihweza umubiri: Umuganga arasuzuma ko ata bihute biri ku rukoba, ko bingana be n'uko bikwiragiye.
Boshobora kandi kuraba ko ata bindi bimenyetso vyerekana ko umuntu yafashwe n'ico kiza bimubonekeye, nk'ibivyimba vyo mu maso, ku minwa canke ku rurimi.
3. Ibipimo vyo mu bitaro: Mu bihe bimwebimwe, umuganga yoshobora gusaba ko umuntu apimwa amaraso kugira ngo arabe ko ata kintu na kimwe kimutera ubuyega canke ko ata ndwara yoba arwaye.
Umuntu arashobora kandi gupimwa ku mubiri, nko gupimwa mu mubiri canke mu mubiri, kugira ngo amenye ibintu kanaka vyotuma umuntu agira iyo ngorane.
4. Ibipimo vy'indwara ziterwa n'ivyo umuntu arya: Mu gihe umuganga aketse ko umuntu arwaye iyo ndwara, yoshobora kumurungika kwa muganga w'indwara ziterwa n'ivyo arya kugira ngo amusuzume.
Ivyo bishobora kuba birimwo ibipimo vyo mu mubiri, ibipimo vyo ku mubiri canke ibipimo vy'amaraso kugira ngo hamenyekane ibintu kanaka bituma umuntu agira iyo ngorane.
5. Gupima indwara: Umuganga azosuzuma kandi izindi mvo zishobora kuba zitera ivyo bimenyetso, nk'izindi ndwara z'urukoba canke izindi ndwara zisanzwe, kandi ashobora gutegeka ko hagira ibindi bipimo kugira ngo ivyo bimenyetso ntibigaragaze ko ari vyo.
6. Ibipimo vy'ugushusha: Mu gihe umuntu arwaye urticaria, aho usanga iyo ndwara ituruka ku bintu bimutera gushusha, gukanya canke gucumitwa, umuganga yoshobora kugira ibipimo vy'ugushusha kugira yemeze ko arwaye.
Ivyo bisaba ko umuntu ashirako ikintu yibaza ko ari co gituma haba iyo ndwara kugira arabe ko kivyakira neza.
7. Ibipimo vy'umubiri w'umuntu: Mu gihe umuntu arwaye urticaria idakira, umuganga yoshobora kumusaba ibipimo kugira ngo arabe ko yoba afise indwara ziterwa n'umubiri w'umuntu, kuko rimwe na rimwe izo ndwara zishobora kuba ari zo zitera iyo ndwara.
8. Ibipimo vyo mu vyuma bifata amasanamu: Mu bihe bimwebimwe bidakunze gushika, umuntu yoshobora gusabwa kwipimisha mu vyuma bifata amasanamu, nk'akarorero mu kwisuzumisha hakoreshejwe icuma gifata amasanamu (rayons X) canke mu kwisuzumisha hakoreshejwe ivyuma vyitwa tomodensitométrie (CT scan), kugira ngo barabe ko ata yindi ndwara yoba ituma umuntu agira ibimenyetso nk'ivyo.
Muri rusangi, kugira ngo umuntu amenye ko arwaye urticaria bisaba ko asuzuma kahise k'indwara yiwe, akisuzuma, rimwe na rimwe agakora n'ibipimo vyo muri laboratwari.
Intumbero ni iyo kumenya igituma ivyo biba no gutora uburyo bwiza bwo kuvura uwo murwayi.
Torabi B, Ben-Shoshan M: The association of cholinergic and cold-induced urticaria: diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2015, 2015 (): .
Schoepke N, Doumoulakis G, Maurer M: Diagnosis of urticaria. Indian J Dermatol. 2013, 58 (3): 211-8.
Hochstadter EF, Ben-Shoshan M: Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013 (): .
Ensina LF, Brandão LS, Neto HC, Ben-Shoshan M: Urticaria and angioedema in children and adolescents: diagnostic challenge. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2022, 50 (S Pt 1): 17-29.
Silvestre Salvador JF, Giménez-Arnau AM, Gómez de la Fuente E, González Del Castillo J, Martínez Virto AM, Miguens Blanco I, Serra-Baldrich E, Llorens P: Managing urticaria in the emergency department: recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert panel. Emergencias. 2021, 33 (4): 299-308.
Visitsuntorn N, Tuchinda M, Arunyanark N, Kerdsomnuk S: Ice cube test in children with cold urticaria. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1992, 10 (2): 111-5.
['Urupapuro rwemeza ko ata ruhusha:']
["Uru rubuga rw'ivy'ubuvuzi ruratangwa ku bw'inyigisho no ku bw'ukumenyesha amakuru gusa, ntirutanga impanuro mu vy'ubuvuzi canke ngo rube urwego rw'abahinga mu vy'ubuvuzi."]
["Itegeko ryo mu 1998 ryerekeye uburenganzira umuntu afise mu vyo akoresha mu guhanahana amakuru (Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) ritanga uburenganzira ku bantu bafise uburenganzira bwo guhanahana amakuru babona ko ibintu vyerekanwa kuri Internet bihonyanga uburenganzira bwabo hisunzwe amategeko ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ajanye n'uburenganzira umuntu afise. "]
['Mu gihe wibaza ko hari ibintu canke ibikoresho vyabonetse ku rubuga rwacu canke ku mbuga zacu bibangamiye uburenganzira bwawe, wewe (canke uwukugenzura) urashobora kuturungikira ubutumwa busaba ko ivyo bintu canke ivyo bikoresho bikurwaho canke ko bitagisubira kuboneka. ']
['Amatangazo ategerezwa kurungikwa mu nyandiko hakoreshejwe ubutumwa bwa "email" (raba ahavuga ngo "Kwitaba" kugira ngo umenye aderese ya "email").']
["Itegeko rya DMCA risaba ko umenyesha ko hari uwugomba guhonyanga uburenganzira bwawe mu gutanga amakuru akurikira: (1) idondorwa ry'igikorwa gikingiwe n'amategeko kiriko kiragirizwa guhonyanga uburenganzira bwawe; (2) idondorwa ry'ibiri mu vyo bavuga ko bihonyanga uburenganzira bwawe be n'amakuru ahagije atuma dushobora kumenya aho biri; (3) amakuru y'ukuntu twokwifatanya nawe, harimwo aderese yawe, inomero za telefone n'ikete ryawe ryo kurungikiranira ubutumwa kuri internet; (4) ivyemeza ko wemera udakeka ko ivyo bintu biri mu buryo uriko uridodombera bitahawe uburenganzira n'uwabitunganije, canke uwubiserukira, canke n'itegeko iryo ari ryo ryose; "]
["(5) urwandiko rwanditswe n'uwatanze iyo notifica-tion, rwemeza ko amakuru ari muri iyo notifica-tion ari ay'ukuri kandi ko afise ububasha bwo gukurikirana ivy'uwo muntu avuga ko yahonyanze uburenganzira bwiwe; "]
['Turakwinginze uturungikire ubutumwa kuri email ufise ikibazo / iciyumviro.']
How is urticaria diagnosed?
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by the appearance of red, itchy, and swollen welts on the skin.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergic reactions, infections, and certain medications.
Diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
1. Medical history: The doctor will ask about the patient's medical history, including any known allergies, recent illnesses, and medications taken.
They will also inquire about the onset of symptoms, their duration, and any potential triggers.
2. Physical examination: The doctor will examine the skin for the presence of welts, their size, and distribution.
They may also check for other signs of an allergic reaction, such as swelling of the face, lips, or tongue.
3. Laboratory tests: In some cases, the doctor may order blood tests to check for the presence of allergies or infections.
Skin tests, such as a skin prick test or patch test, may also be performed to identify specific allergens.
4. Allergy tests: If the doctor suspects an allergic reaction, they may refer the patient to an allergist for further testing.
This may include skin prick tests, patch tests, or blood tests to identify specific allergens.
5. Differential diagnosis: The doctor will also consider other possible causes of the symptoms, such as other skin conditions or underlying medical conditions, and may order additional tests to rule these out.
6. Provocation tests: In cases of physical urticaria, where the hives are triggered by physical stimuli such as heat, cold, or pressure, the doctor may perform a provocation test to confirm the diagnosis.
This involves exposing the skin to the suspected trigger to see if a reaction occurs.
7. Autoimmune tests: In cases of chronic urticaria, the doctor may order tests to check for autoimmune disorders, as these can sometimes cause the condition.
8. Imaging tests: In rare cases, imaging tests such as an X-ray or CT scan may be ordered to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
Overall, diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
The goal is to identify the underlying cause and determine the best course of treatment for the patient.
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