Lu tumuri ô pulmuni si diagnostica attraversu na cumminazzioni di provi e pruciduri, ca ponnu cumprènniri:
1. Storia medica e esame fisicu: Lu medicu ti dumanna li sintomi, la storia di fumu e la storia di cancri pulmunari ntâ famigghia.
Farà macari n'esami fìsicu pi circari signali dâ malatia.
2. esami di mmaggini: li raggi X dû pettu e li tomugrafìi computerizzati (CT) sunnu usati cumunimenti pi criari mmàggini dittagghiati dî pulmuni e dî strutturi circustanti.
Chisti esami ponnu aiutari a truvari anomalie, comu tumuri o noduli, ca ponnu ndicari la prisenza di cancru pulmunari.
3. Citologia di l'espettoru: Un campiuni di l'espettoru (mucu ca si sputa dî pulmuni) veni esaminatu sutta nu microscopiu pi circari celluli cancerusi.
4. Biopsia: Si pigghia nu campiuni di tissutu pulmunari e si esamina cu lu microscopiu pi vidiri si ci sunnu celluli cancerusi.
Chistu si pò fari attraversu na broncoscopia, na biopsia cu l'agghia o na biopsia chirurgica.
5. Broncoscopia: Un tubu finu e illuminatu cu na càmmara è misu ntô nasu o ntâ vucca e ntâ gola pi esaminari li vie respiratorie e li purmuna.
Chista prucidura si pò usari macari pi pigghiari campiuni di tissutu pâ biupsia.
6. Aspirazzioni cu aghi fini (FNA): Un aghiu finu veni misu ntô nodulu o ntâ massa pulmunari pi pigghiari nu campiuni di celluli pi l'esami.
7. Toràcintezìa: Si leva nu lìquidu dû spazziu ntra li purmuna e la pareti dû pettu usannu n'agghia, e lu lìquidu veni poi esaminatu pi vìdiri si ci sunnu celluli cancerusi.
8. Esami dû sangu: Mentri sulu l'esami dû sangu nun ponnu diagnosticari lu tumuri ô pulmuni, ponnu aiutari a ditirminari la saluti ginirali dû malatu e a identificari ogni anurmalità ca putissi ndicari la prisenza di tumuri.
9. Scansioni osse, MRI, PET scan e àutri esami: Sti esami ponnu èssiri usati pi vidiri si lu tumuri si è diffusu a àutri parti dû corpu.
Na vota ca lu tumuri ô pulmuni è diagnosticatu, ponnu èssiri fatti àutri provi pi ditirminari lu stadiu dû tumuri, ca aiuta a guidari li dicisioni dû trattamentu.
Chisti esami ponnu nclùdiri autri esami di mmàggini, comu na tomografia di lu ciriveḍḍu, na tomografia di l'ossa o na tomografia a emissioni di positruni (PET).
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Ni J, Guo Z, Zhang L: [The diagnostic significance of single or combination lung cancer-related serum biomarkers in high risk lung cancer patients]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2016, 55 (1): 25-30.
Nishiyama N, Nakatani S, Iwasa R, Taguchi S, Inoue K, Kinoshita H: [Differential diagnosis between peripheral lung cancer invading the chest wall and chest-wall tumors]. Kyobu Geka. 1997, 50 (10): 893-7.
Kang C, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang F, Chen J: Construction and Validation of a Lung Cancer Diagnostic Model Based on 6-Gene Methylation Frequency in Blood, Clinical Features, and Serum Tumor Markers. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021, 2021 (): 9987067.
Heydari F, Rafsanjani MK: A Review on Lung Cancer Diagnosis Using Data Mining Algorithms. Curr Med Imaging. 2021, 17 (1): 16-26.
Li L, Feng T, Zhang W, Gao S, Wang R, Lv W, Zhu T, Yu H, Qian B: MicroRNA Biomarker hsa-miR-195-5p for Detecting the Risk of Lung Cancer. Int J Genomics. 2020, 2020 (): 7415909.
Li B, Yuan Q, Zou YT, Su T, Lin Q, Zhang YQ, Shi WQ, Liang RB, Ge QM, Li QY, Shao Y: CA-125, CA-153, and CYFRA21-1 as clinical indicators in male lung cancer with ocular metastasis. J Cancer. 2020, 11 (10): 2730-2736.
Magee ND, Villaumie JS, Marple ET, Ennis M, Elborn JS, McGarvey JJ: Ex vivo diagnosis of lung cancer using a Raman miniprobe. J Phys Chem B. 2009, 113 (23): 8137-41.
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How is lung cancer diagnosed?
Lung cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Medical history and physical examination: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, smoking history, and family history of lung cancer.
They will also perform a physical examination to check for any signs of the disease.
2. Imaging tests: Chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly used to create detailed images of the lungs and surrounding structures.
These tests can help detect abnormalities, such as tumors or nodules, that may indicate the presence of lung cancer.
3. Sputum cytology: A sample of your sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
4. Biopsy: A sample of lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
This can be done through a bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
5. Bronchoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the nose or mouth and down the throat to examine the airways and lungs.
This procedure can also be used to collect tissue samples for biopsy.
6. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA): A thin needle is inserted into the lung nodule or mass to collect a sample of cells for examination.
7. Thoracentesis: Fluid is removed from the space between the lungs and chest wall using a needle, and the fluid is then examined for cancer cells.
8. Blood tests: While blood tests alone cannot diagnose lung cancer, they can help determine the overall health of the patient and identify any abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer.
9. Bone scan, mri, pet scan, and other tests: These tests may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once lung cancer is diagnosed, additional tests may be performed to determine the stage of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
These tests may include more imaging tests, such as a CT scan of the brain, bone scan, or positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
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