How is Prostate cancer diagnosed?

Amek it awikkal cancer tan prostate?

Cancer wan prostate eqqal atiwazayan s tudabat n irum tan d tikarsiwen addobat nen ad eha:

1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): Docteur eha achar eɣafan, eɣafan s aman daɣ rectum i ad ikna prostate i haratan fuk

2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Awen eqqal akayad n idammen i iket n PSA, protein eɣnan prostate gland

PSA tan win ojjaran addoben ad issiknin tille n cancer n prostate

3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): Tadhilt madroynen taqqal atiwajan daɣ rectum i ad eɣna tasukna n prostate s iji n sound waves

Awen adobat ad eɣaf asuj n anmizlay daɣ prostate gland

4. Biopsy: amos n tissue n prostate eqqal a ezzaran tolas eqqal a eqqalan s microscope i akayad n cancer cells

Awen eqqal ašrut wa eqqalnen aśahat ən asukni ən kansar ən prostate.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI scan n prostate addobat ad eɣil ad eɣra isalan n tudabat fuk tolas ad eɣra tikarsay n biopsy

6. Genome Testing: Iyad əmusanan adoben ad axdaman genome test tan fal ad afanan asukni ən cancer əd ad awinan tifranin ən asafar.

7 Bone Scan: Awen addobat ad eqqal bone scan i akayad n as cancer eɣna s iɣasan

8 Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: CT scan addobat ad exdam i akayad n as cancer eɣna s organ tan iyyad meɣ tissus tan

Eqal assohen ad akayad as war ilen addinat fuk ilan PSA ojjarnen meɣ iddikud n DRE war n olahan ilan cancer n prostate tolas war ilen cancer tan n prostate fuk id eqqalan PSA ojjarnen

Daɣ awen, biopsy eqqal a fal at-aw-aw-aqqil

Daɣ asiwad, afran n asuj n biopsy eqqal darat akayad n ikayadan win d haratan n aharoj n awadim d afran tan net

['Isalan wi illanen']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.

Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.

Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.

Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.

McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.

An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn²⁺ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.

[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.

Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.

['Asukni: medikal']

['Web site wen eqqal i isalan n teɣare d isalan ɣas tolas war eqqel asiwil n asafar meɣ alxidmat tan n musnat']

['Isalan wi ikfan war addoben ad axdaman i asifham meɣ asafar n aśahat meɣ aśahat tolas wi aramanen asiwil n asafar n awadim ilzam ad aruman asiwil n asafar n awadim']

['Dǎɣ asikin, neural net wa iknanen tirmawen ən assestan, eqal aśohen aśohat dǎɣ alwaq wa id itawan dǎɣ maɗin ən maɗinan. sund, iddikud ən adinat wi atiwasananen as aśohat atiwasanan.']

['Harkuk arha majrad n doctor inek meɣ n awadim n assexat n tazmert n addinat fal aśahat n aśahat. War t-id-t-igdel majrad n aśahat n awadim meɣ azzaman daɣ aśahat fal as harat awa iktabem fal site wen. Afal as ad t-illa aśahat n aśahat n aśahat, asiwel 911 meɣ aru s ehan n aśahat n aśahat wa oharnen daɣ azzaman. War t-illa majrad n aśahat n awadim d aśahat fal site wen meɣ axadam net. BioMedLib meɣ inaxdiman net meɣ awadim wa iknanen fal site wen, war t-illa majrad, iknan meɣ iknan, fal isalan wi dawanen meɣ axadam net']

['Asukni: copyright']

['Digital Millennium Copyright Act wan 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) eha almaɣna i kel alxaq n alxaq n alxaq wa allaɣen as isuj win illanen fal Internet ikna alxaq nasan daɣ achareɣa n alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq wan alxaq']

['A fal tazamt s tiditt as isalan meɣ isuj win illanen daɣ asuj n asuj net meɣ alxidmaten iknan alxaq inek n alxaq, addobat ad aɣ-d-tazneḍ (meɣ agent inek) isalan meɣ isuj win ad n-ikkes meɣ ad n-isikkid alxidmat']

['Isalan ilzam ad ittusiknan s eɣaf s email (ikayad edag "Contact" i tansa n email)']

['DMCA t-assirɣas as isalan inek n asiwad n alxaq n alxoriya eha isalan win: (1) almaɣna n alxidmat eha alxaq n alxoriya eqqal harat n asiwad eha alxaq n alxoriya; (2) almaɣna n almaɣna eha alxoriya d isalan ajjotnen ijjan aɣ ad n afhaman almaɣna; (3) isalan n alɣisab inek, ahan tansa, amaṭṭaf n tilifun d tansa n email inek; (4) almaɣna inek n as ilan tumast n alxaq n alxoriya as almaɣna wa s eha alxaq eha alxaq eha alxaq war eha alxaq n alxaq eha alxoriya meɣ amatikki net meɣ s alxidmat n achareɣa fuk']

['(5) almaɣna n awen, iktab daɣ azruf n alkad n tiditt, as isalan win isalan aqqalan tiditt tolas ilan tanaya n as artay alxaqqan win alxakum wi s allaɣen as ikna']

['Dǎɣ awa, əmik ən əmik ən alxaq meɣ awadim ən alxaq ən alxaq meɣ awadim atiwafan ye igi ən alxaq ən alxaq.']

['A fal war t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id-t-id']

['Assahat']

['Ilzam aɣ e-mail s asteqsi meɣ asukni']

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:

1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.

2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.

Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.

3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.

This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.

4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.

This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.

6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.

7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.

8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.

It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.

Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.

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