How is Diabetes diagnosed?

['Harim dispela pes']

Olsem wanem ol dokta i save painimaut sik daiabitis?

Bilong save man i gat sik daiabitis, ol i save glasim blut bilong em na skelim mak bilong suga long blut.

Ol tes ol i save mekim bilong painimaut sik daiabitis em:

1. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) tes: Dispela tes i save skelim mak bilong mak bilong blut glukos bihain long man i no bin kaikai inap 8-pela aua.

Sapos mak bilong suga long blut i winim 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L), dispela i makim olsem man i gat sik daiabitis.

2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Dispela tes i save skelim mak bilong mak bilong suga long blut paslain long man i dring wanpela dring i swit na 2-pela aua bihain long em i dring.

Sapos mak bilong suga long blut i winim 2,000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L), dispela i makim olsem man i gat sik daiabitis.

3. Random Plasma Glucose test: Ol inap mekim dispela tes long wanem wanem taim ol i laik na ol i no gat wok long tambu long kaikai.

Sapos mak bilong suga long blut i winim 2,000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L), dispela i makim olsem man i gat sik daiabitis.

4. Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) tes: Dispela tes i save skelim mak bilong mak bilong suga long blut insait long 2-pela o 3-pela mun i go pinis.

Sapos mak bilong blut A1C i winim 6.5%, dispela i makim olsem man i gat sik daiabitis.

Em i bikpela samting long tingim olsem ol i mas mekim gen ol dispela tes long narapela de bilong strongim dispela sik.

Na tu, ol dokta i ken skelim ol narapela samting olsem ol mak bilong sik, na ol samting i bin kamap bipo long sik bilong man, na ol samting dokta i mekim bilong skelim sikman.

Sapos yu gat sampela askim long sik daiabitis, em i bikpela samting long toktok wantaim dokta.

['Ol Tok Bilong Bipo']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Ding L, Xu Y, Liu S, Bi Y, Xu Y: Hemoglobin A1c and diagnosis of diabetes. J Diabetes. 2018, 10 (5): 365-372.

Kalra S, Gupta Y: Diagnosis of diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015, 65 (3): 336-7.

Higgins T: HbA1c for screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Endocrine. 2013, 43 (2): 266-73.

Ko GT: Diagnosing diabetes mellitus in the Asian population. Hong Kong Med J. 2000, 6 (1): 53-9.

Li HY, Ma WY, Wei JN, Lin MS, Shih SR, Hung CS, Hua CH, Chuang LM: Hemoglobin A1c for the diagnosis of diabetes: To replace or to guide oral glucose tolerance tests? J Diabetes Investig. 2012, 3 (3): 259-65.

Hill J: How to diagnose diabetes. Nurs Times. , 101 (16): 28-30.

Hessler KL, Dunemn K: Laboratory diagnosis of overt type 2 diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017, 29 (9): 521-526.

['Toksave: sik']

['Dispela Web-sait i bilong skulim na givim save tasol long ol man, na i no bilong givim tok bilong helpim ol sikman o helpim ol narapela long sait bilong helt.']

['Ol i no ken yusim ol dispela tok bilong helpim ol long save long sik bilong ol, na ol man i laik kisim helpim long ol samting bilong helt, ol i mas toktok wantaim wanpela dokta.']

['Tingim, ol kompiuta i save yusim ol kompiuta long kamapim ol bekim bilong ol askim, tasol ol i no save kolim stret ol namba, olsem namba bilong ol man i gat wanpela sik.']

['Oltaim yu mas kisim tingting bilong dokta o narapela lain i gat save long helpim yu long sait bilong helt sapos yu gat sik. No ken sakim tok bilong dokta o wet long kisim tingting bilong dokta, long wanem, yu ritim sampela tok long dispela Web-sait. Sapos yu ting yu gat sik, ringim 911 o go long haus sik i stap klostu.']

['Toksave: raits bilong man i bosim']

['Digital Millennium Copyright Act bilong 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) i tok ol papa bilong ol samting i gat rait long wokim ol samting, sapos ol i ting ol samting i stap long Intenet i brukim ol lo bilong ol long Amerika.']

['Sapos yu bilip olsem sampela samting i stap long dispela Web-sait o ol sevis bilong mipela i brukim lo bilong kopirait bilong yu, yu (o agent bilong yu) inap salim toksave long mipela na askim mipela long rausim o pasim rot bilong yu long kisim dispela samting.']

['Ol i mas salim ol toksave long rot bilong e-mail (lukim hap "Kontek" bilong lukim e-mail atres). ']

['Lo bilong DMCA i tok olsem toksave bilong yu long ol man i bin brukim lo bilong kopirait i mas i gat ol dispela tok: (1) stori long ol samting i gat kopirait long en, em ol man i tok ol i bin brukim; (2) stori long ol samting i gat kopirait na ol tok bilong helpim mipela long painim ol dispela samting; (3) ol tok bilong yu bilong salim pas long mipela, olsem atres, telefon namba, na e-meil atres; (4) tok yu bin mekim olsem yu bilip tru olsem man i gat kopirait o agent bilong em i no orait long ol samting i stap long dispela websait.']

['(5) Yu mas raitim wanpela pepa na putim han bilong yu bilong tokaut olsem ol tok bilong dispela pepa i stret na yu gat namba long mekim ol samting bilong lukautim ol rait bilong man i bin wokim ol samting.']

['Na (6) wanpela sain o sain bilong man i gat rait long wokim dispela samting o bilong wanpela man i gat namba long mekim wok bilong dispela man.']

['Sapos yu no raitim olgeta dispela tok, dispela inap mekim na ol i no stretim kwik komplen bilong yu.']

['Kontektim']

['Plis salim e-mail long mipela sapos yu gat sampela askim o tingting.']

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Diabetes is diagnosed through a series of blood tests that measure the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

The most common tests used to diagnose diabetes are:

1. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test: This test measures the blood glucose level after fasting for at least 8 hours.

A blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher indicates diabetes.

2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): This test measures blood glucose levels before and 2 hours after drinking a sweet liquid.

A blood glucose level of 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) or higher indicates diabetes.

3. Random Plasma Glucose test: This test can be done at any time and does not require fasting.

A blood glucose level of 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) or higher indicates diabetes.

4. Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) test: This test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months.

An A1C level of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.

It is important to note that these tests should be repeated on a different day to confirm the diagnosis.

Additionally, other factors such as symptoms, medical history, and physical examination may also be considered in making a diagnosis.

If you have any concerns or questions about diabetes diagnosis, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional.

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