Vuvabyi bya chukele byi voniwa hi ku kambela ngati hi ku tirhisa tindlela to hambana-hambana leti pimaka mpimo wa chukele engatini.
Minkambelo leyi tolovelekeke leyi tirhisiwaka ku kambela vuvabyi bya chukele hi leyi:
1. Nkambisiso wa Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG): Nkambisiso lowu wu pima mpimo wa chukele engatini endzhaku ka loko munhu a titsone swakudya ku ringana tiawara ta nhungu.
Loko mpimo wa chukele engatini wu ri 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) kumbe ku tlula swi kombisa leswaku munhu u ni vuvabyi bya chukele.
2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): Nkambisiso lowu wu pima mpimo wa chukele engatini emahlweni ni le ndzhaku ka tiawara timbirhi u nwe mati yo tsokombela.
Loko mpimo wa chukele engatini wu ri eka 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) kumbe ku tlula swi kombisa leswaku munhu u ni vuvabyi bya chukele.
3. Nkambisiso wa Glucose ya Plasma: Nkambisiso lowu wu nga endliwa nkarhi wun'wana ni wun'wana naswona a wu lavi leswaku munhu a titsona swakudya.
Loko mpimo wa chukele engatini wu ri eka 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) kumbe ku tlula swi kombisa leswaku munhu u ni vuvabyi bya chukele.
4. Xikambelo xa glycated Hemoglobin (A1C): Xikambelo lexi xi pima mpimo wa chukele engatini eka tin'hweti leti hundzeke ta 2-3.
Loko mpimo wa A1C wu ri 6,5% kumbe ku tlula swi kombisa leswaku munhu u ni vuvabyi bya chukele.
I swa nkoka ku xiya leswaku minkambisiso leyi yi fanele yi endliwa hi siku rin'wana leswaku ku tiyisekisiwa vuvabyi lebyi.
Ku engetela kwalaho, ku nga ha kambisisiwa swilo swin'wana swo tanihi swikombiso, matimu ya vuvabyi ni ku kamberiwa ka miri.
Loko u ri ni swivutiso kumbe leswi ku vilerisaka hi vuvabyi bya chukele, i swa nkoka leswaku u vonana ni dokodela.
Ding L, Xu Y, Liu S, Bi Y, Xu Y: Hemoglobin A1c and diagnosis of diabetes. J Diabetes. 2018, 10 (5): 365-372.
Kalra S, Gupta Y: Diagnosis of diabetes. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015, 65 (3): 336-7.
Higgins T: HbA1c for screening and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Endocrine. 2013, 43 (2): 266-73.
Ko GT: Diagnosing diabetes mellitus in the Asian population. Hong Kong Med J. 2000, 6 (1): 53-9.
Li HY, Ma WY, Wei JN, Lin MS, Shih SR, Hung CS, Hua CH, Chuang LM: Hemoglobin A1c for the diagnosis of diabetes: To replace or to guide oral glucose tolerance tests? J Diabetes Investig. 2012, 3 (3): 259-65.
Hill J: How to diagnose diabetes. Nurs Times. , 101 (16): 28-30.
Hessler KL, Dunemn K: Laboratory diagnosis of overt type 2 diabetes in the first trimester of pregnancy. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017, 29 (9): 521-526.
['Xihlambanyo xa vutihlamuleri: swa vutshunguri']
['Website leyi yi endleriwe ku dyondzisa ni ku nyika rungula ntsena naswona a yi nyiki switsundzuxo swa vutshunguri kumbe mintirho ya vativi va swa vutshunguri.']
['Rungula leri nyikeriweke a ri fanelanga ri tirhisiwa ku kambela kumbe ku tshungula xiphiqo xa rihanyo kumbe vuvabyi, naswona lava lavaka xitsundzuxo xa vutshunguri va fanele va vonana ni dokodela la nga ni mpfumelelo.']
['Xiya leswaku ndlela leyi ti-neural net ti hlamulaka swivutiso ha yona a yi pakanisi ngopfu loko ku vulavuriwa hi tinomboro, to tanihi nhlayo ya vanhu lava khomiweke hi vuvabyi byo karhi.']
["Minkarhi hinkwayo kombela xitsundzuxo eka dokodela wa wena kumbe eka muongori la fanelekaka malunghana ni xiyimo xa rihanyo ra wena. U nga tshuki u honisa xitsundzuxo xa dokodela kumbe u hlwela ku xi lava hikwalaho ka leswi u swi hlayeke eka website leyi. Loko u ehleketa leswaku u le xiyin'weni xa xihatla xa rihanyo, bela riqingho eka 911 kumbe u ya ekamareni ra xihatla leri nga ekusuhi na wena hi ku hatlisa. A ku na vuxaka bya dokodela ni muvabyi lebyi tumbuluxiweke hi website leyi kumbe ku tirhisiwa ka yona. BioMedLib kumbe vatirhi va yona, kumbe un'wana ni un'wana la hoxaka xandla eka website leyi, a nga endli switiyisekiso, leswi nga erivaleni kumbe leswi nga erivaleni, malunghana ni rungula leri nga laha kumbe ku tirhisiwa ka rona."]
['Ku ala ku byarha vutihlamuleri: mfanelo yo tsala']
['Nawu wa Digital Millennium Copyright Act wa 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) wu nyika tindlela ta ku tihlanganisa na vini va timfanelo ta vuhleri lava va tshembaka leswaku swilo leswi humelelaka eka Internet swi tlula timfanelo ta vona ehansi ka nawu wa vuhleri wa U.S.']
['Loko u tshemba leswaku rungula kumbe swilo leswi kumekaka eka website ya hina kumbe eka mintirho ya hina swi tlula mfanelo ya wena yo endla swilo, wena (kumbe muyimeri wa wena) u nga hi rhumela xitiviso u kombela leswaku rungula kumbe swilo leswi swi susiwa kumbe swi siveriwa.']
['Switiviso swi fanele ku rhumeriwa hi ku tsala hi imeyili (languta eka xiyenge xa "Vuxaka" eka adirese ya imeyili).']
["DMCA yi lava leswaku xitiviso xa wena xa ku tlula nawu wa mfanelo ya ku tsala xi katsa mahungu lawa landzelaka: (1) nhlamuselo ya ntirho lowu nga na mfanelo ya ku tsala lowu ku vuriwaka leswaku wu tluriwile; (2) nhlamuselo ya leswi ku vuriwaka leswaku swi tlula nawu wa ku tsala ni mahungu lama ringaneke ku hi pfumelela ku kuma leswi nga endzeni; (3) mahungu ya ku tihlanganisa na wena, ku katsa ni adirese ya wena, nomboro ya riqingho na adirese ya imeyili; (4) xitiviso xa wena xa leswaku u ni ripfumelo ra leswaku leswi nga endzeni hi ndlela leyi ku vilelaka ha yona a swi pfumeleriwanga hi n'wini wa mfanelo ya ku tsala, kumbe muyimeri wa yena, kumbe hi ku tirha ka nawu wihi na wihi; "]
['(5) xitiyisiso xa wena, lexi sayiniweke ehansi ka nxupulo wa ku hemba, xa leswaku mahungu lama nga eka xitiviso i ntiyiso ni leswaku u na matimba yo tirhisa timfanelo ta vuqambi leti ku vuriwaka leswaku ti tluriwile;']
["na (6) ku sayina ka xiviri kumbe ka elektroniki ka n'wini wa mfanelo ya vuqambi kumbe munhu la pfumeleriweke ku endla hi vito ra n'wini wa mfanelo ya vuqambi. "]
['Loko u nga nghenisi vuxokoxoko hinkwabyo lebyi nga laha henhla swi nga endla leswaku ku tirhana ni xivilelo xa wena swi hlwela.']
['Ku Tihlanganisa']
['Hi kombela u hi rhumela imeyili hi xivutiso/xiringanyeto xihi na xihi.']
How is diabetes diagnosed?
Diabetes is diagnosed through a series of blood tests that measure the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.
The most common tests used to diagnose diabetes are:
1. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) test: This test measures the blood glucose level after fasting for at least 8 hours.
A blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher indicates diabetes.
2. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): This test measures blood glucose levels before and 2 hours after drinking a sweet liquid.
A blood glucose level of 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) or higher indicates diabetes.
3. Random Plasma Glucose test: This test can be done at any time and does not require fasting.
A blood glucose level of 2000 mg/dL (111 mmol/L) or higher indicates diabetes.
4. Glycated Hemoglobin (A1C) test: This test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months.
An A1C level of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.
It is important to note that these tests should be repeated on a different day to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, other factors such as symptoms, medical history, and physical examination may also be considered in making a diagnosis.
If you have any concerns or questions about diabetes diagnosis, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional.
Disclaimer: medical
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