2. Mammogram: Ni nthowa ya kupima mabere na X-ray iyo yikovwira kumanya usange ghaliko makora pambere munthu wandaghakhwaske.
3. Ultrasound: Nthowa iyi yikovwira kumanya usange chifuŵa chili na tuminofu panji yayi.
4. MRI: Maginito na mphepo vikovwira kuti munthu wamanye makora umo thupi la mama liliri.
5. Kupima: Ŵakupima tuminofu tuchoko waka twa mu mabere kuti ŵawone usange muli kansa.
6. Kupima ndopa: Kupima ndopa, nga ni kupima ndopa zose panji vigaŵa vinyake vya thupi, kungacitika kuti ŵamanye umo nthenda yiliri panji umo yikucitira.
7. Kusanda majini: Usange mu mbumba muli munthu uyo wali na kansa ya mu mabere, ŵangamupima kuti ŵawone usange wali na majini agho ghangacitiska kuti waŵe na kansa.
8. CT scan: Vinthu ivi vingawovwira kumanya usange kansa yasanuzgikira ku vigaŵa vinyake vya thupi.
Para ŵamanya kuti wali na kansa, ŵakuchita kafukufuku kuti ŵamanye umo waliri.
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Dewar MA, Love N: Legal issues in managing breast disease. Postgrad Med. 1992, 92 (5): 137-40, 143-4, 149-51 passim.
Donepudi MS, Kondapalli K, Amos SJ, Venkanteshan P: Breast cancer statistics and markers. J Cancer Res Ther. , 10 (3): 506-11.
Sazuka T, Miyazawa Y, Tochigi T, Hirano A, Mori M, Kosugi C, Shuto K, Kasahara K, Hiroshima Y, Matsuo K, Tanaka K, Yamazaki K, Koda K, Matsubara H: [A Case of Rectal Metastasis from Breast Cancer Diagnosed Two Years after Surgery]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2017, 44 (12): 1254-1256.
Yan J, Liu Z, Du S, Li J, Ma L, Li L: Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer in the Precision Medicine Era. Methods Mol Biol. 2020, 2204 (): 53-61.
Cong J, Wei B, He Y, Yin Y, Zheng Y: A Selective Ensemble Classification Method Combining Mammography Images with Ultrasound Images for Breast Cancer Diagnosis. Comput Math Methods Med. 2017, 2017 (): 4896386.
Cui R, Wang C, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Li Y: Serum Carboxypeptidase N1 Serves as a Potential Biomarker Complementing CA15-3 for Breast Cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2020, 20 (17): 2053-2065.
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How is breast cancer diagnosed?
Breast cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Clinical breast exam: A healthcare professional will examine the breasts for any lumps, changes in size or shape, or other abnormalities.
2. Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast that can detect abnormalities even before they can be felt.
3. Ultrasound: A test that uses sound waves to create an image of the breast tissue, which can help determine if a lump is solid or filled with fluid.
4. MRI: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the breast tissue.
5. Biopsy: A small sample of breast tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
6. Blood tests: Certain blood tests, such as a complete blood count or tumor markers, may be done to help determine the stage of the cancer or to monitor treatment.
7. Genetic testing: If there is a family history of breast cancer, genetic testing may be done to determine if there is an inherited gene mutation that increases the risk of developing breast cancer.
8. Bone scan, CT scan, or PET scan: These imaging tests may be done to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once a diagnosis of breast cancer is made, further tests may be done to determine the stage and grade of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
Disclaimer: medical
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Disclaimer: copyright
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