How is Depression diagnosed?

['ⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ']

ⵎⴰⵎⴽ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ?

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵓⵅⵍⵍⵚ ⵙ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵔⴰⵏⴰⵏⵜ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ, ⴰⵙⵉⵎⴰⵏ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ, ⵙ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⴰⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼⴰⵏ.

ⵔⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⴰ ⵓⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏ, ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴷ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴽⵍⵉ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵕ ⵉⵙ ⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴽⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵅⵛⴰⵎ.

ⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⵙⵎⵔⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵉⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⴱⵉⴽ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵖⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵀⴰⵎⵉⵍⵜⵓⵏ, ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵖⵍⴼ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵜⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ.

ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵏⴰⵢⴰ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵓⵙⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵎⵍⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⵔⵎ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴳ ⵓⵜⵉⴳ ⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴰⵡⵉⵏⵜ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ.

ⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙ, ⴷⴰ ⴽⵡⵏ ⵏⵙⵎⵉⴳⵉⵍ.

['ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Zimmerman M, Coryell W, Corenthal C, Wilson S: A self-report scale to diagnose major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986, 43 (11): 1076-81.

Nakano T, Takamura M, Ichikawa N, Okada G, Okamoto Y, Yamada M, Suhara T, Yamawaki S, Yoshimoto J: Enhancing Multi-Center Generalization of Machine Learning-Based Depression Diagnosis From Resting-State fMRI. Front Psychiatry. 2020, 11 (): 400.

Wetzler S, Kahn R, Strauman TJ, Dubro A: Diagnosis of major depression by self-report. J Pers Assess. 1989, 53 (1): 22-30.

Liu Y, Pu C, Xia S, Deng D, Wang X, Li M: Machine learning approaches for diagnosing depression using EEG: A review. Transl Neurosci. 2022, 13 (1): 224-235.

Costa MV, Diniz MF, Nascimento KK, Pereira KS, Dias NS, Malloy-Diniz LF, Diniz BS: Accuracy of three depression screening scales to diagnose major depressive episodes in older adults without neurocognitive disorders. Braz J Psychiatry. , 38 (2): 154-6.

Callahan EJ, Bertakis KD, Azari R, Robbins JA, Helms LJ, Leigh JP: Association of higher costs with symptoms and diagnosis of depression. J Fam Pract. 2002, 51 (6): 540-4.

Pacan P, Kiejna A, Małyszczak K, Trypka E, Grzesiak M, Kantorska-Janiec M: [An estimate of family doctor's knowledge of diagnosis and treatment of depression and anxiety disorders]. Psychiatr Pol. , 34 (1): 59-71.

['ⴰⵙⴱⴷⵉⴷ: ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ']

['ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.']

['ⵓⵔ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ.']

['ⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵣⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.']

['ⴰⵀⴰ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⴽ. ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⵜⵃⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵣⵣⵔⵉⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵏ, ⵙⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜ ⵙ 911 ⵏⵖⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴱⵢⵓⵎⵉⴷⵍⴱ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⵔ, ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ.']

['ⵉⵣⵍⵉ: ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ']

['ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ. ']

['ⵎⴽ ⵜⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵔⵖⴷ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴽ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔⵙⵏ. ']

['ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵕⵓⵏⵉⵜ (ⵥⵕ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵕⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ "ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ").']

['ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ: (1) ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ; (2) ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴰⴼ; (3) ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⴷⴽ, ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵉⴱⵍ; (4) ⴰⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ; ']

['5. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵏⵏⴽ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵖⵓⵔⴽ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵔⴼ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ;']

['ⴷ (6) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. ']

['ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏⵏⴽ.']

['ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ']

['ⵙⵇⵙⴰⵖ ⴷⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ/ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ.']

How is depression diagnosed?

Depression is diagnosed by a mental health professional, such as a psychiatrist, psychologist, or licensed therapist, through a clinical interview and assessment.

The professional will ask questions about the patient's symptoms, thoughts, feelings, and behavior patterns to determine if they meet the criteria for a depression diagnosis.

They may also use standardized assessment tools, such as the Beck Depression Inventory or the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, to help evaluate the severity of the patient's symptoms.

Additionally, a physical examination and lab tests may be conducted to rule out any underlying medical conditions that could be causing the symptoms.

It is important to note that only a qualified mental health professional can accurately diagnose depression, and self-diagnosis is not recommended.

Disclaimer: medical

This web site is provided for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute providing medical advice or professional services.

The information provided should not be used for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease, and those seeking personal medical advice should consult with a licensed physician.

Please note the neural net that generates answers to the questions, is specially inaccurate when it comes to numeric content. For example, the number of people diagnosed with a specific disease.

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['ⵖⴼ']

['ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⵢⵓⵎⵉⴷⵍⴱ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⴰⵍⴳⵓⵔⵉⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ.']

['ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ 35 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴱⵎⵉⴷ/ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵉⵏ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏⴷⵡⵉⴱ.']

['ⵥⵕ "ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵔ" ⴰⵡⴷ "ⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ".']