2. Tes imaging: Sinar-X dada miwah tomografi komputer (CT) sane ketah kaanggen anggen ngaryanin gambar detil paru-paru miwah struktur sane wenten ring sampingnyane.
Tes puniki prasida nulungin nyelehin kelainan, sekadi tumor utawi nodul, sane prasida nyihnayang wénten kanker paru.
3. Sitologi dahak: Sampel dahak (lumut sane kamedalang saking paru-paru) katureksain antuk mikroskop mangda prasida manggihin sel kanker.
4. Biopsi: Sampel jaringan paru kaambil miwah katureksain ring sor mikroskop antuk nitenin yéning wénten sel kanker.
Puniki prasida kamargiang antuk bronkoskopi, biopsi jarum, utawi biopsi bedah.
5. Bronkoskopi: Tabung tipis, galang antuk kamera kagenahang ring irung utawi cangkem raris tedun ring tenggorokan anggen nyelehin saluran udara miwah paru-paru.
Prosedur puniki taler prasida kawigunayang anggen ngambil sampel jaringan anggen biopsi.
6. Aspirasi jarum halus (FNA): Jarum tipis kagenahang ring nodul utawi massa paru-paru anggen ngambil sampel sel anggen katureksain.
7. Thoracentesis: Cairan kaambil saking genah pantaraning paru-paru miwah dinding dada nganggén jarum, raris cairan kaselehin antuk sel kanker.
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Nishiyama N, Nakatani S, Iwasa R, Taguchi S, Inoue K, Kinoshita H: [Differential diagnosis between peripheral lung cancer invading the chest wall and chest-wall tumors]. Kyobu Geka. 1997, 50 (10): 893-7.
Kang C, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang F, Chen J: Construction and Validation of a Lung Cancer Diagnostic Model Based on 6-Gene Methylation Frequency in Blood, Clinical Features, and Serum Tumor Markers. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021, 2021 (): 9987067.
Heydari F, Rafsanjani MK: A Review on Lung Cancer Diagnosis Using Data Mining Algorithms. Curr Med Imaging. 2021, 17 (1): 16-26.
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Li B, Yuan Q, Zou YT, Su T, Lin Q, Zhang YQ, Shi WQ, Liang RB, Ge QM, Li QY, Shao Y: CA-125, CA-153, and CYFRA21-1 as clinical indicators in male lung cancer with ocular metastasis. J Cancer. 2020, 11 (10): 2730-2736.
Magee ND, Villaumie JS, Marple ET, Ennis M, Elborn JS, McGarvey JJ: Ex vivo diagnosis of lung cancer using a Raman miniprobe. J Phys Chem B. 2009, 113 (23): 8137-41.
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How is lung cancer diagnosed?
Lung cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Medical history and physical examination: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, smoking history, and family history of lung cancer.
They will also perform a physical examination to check for any signs of the disease.
2. Imaging tests: Chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly used to create detailed images of the lungs and surrounding structures.
These tests can help detect abnormalities, such as tumors or nodules, that may indicate the presence of lung cancer.
3. Sputum cytology: A sample of your sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
4. Biopsy: A sample of lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
This can be done through a bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
5. Bronchoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the nose or mouth and down the throat to examine the airways and lungs.
This procedure can also be used to collect tissue samples for biopsy.
6. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA): A thin needle is inserted into the lung nodule or mass to collect a sample of cells for examination.
7. Thoracentesis: Fluid is removed from the space between the lungs and chest wall using a needle, and the fluid is then examined for cancer cells.
8. Blood tests: While blood tests alone cannot diagnose lung cancer, they can help determine the overall health of the patient and identify any abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer.
9. Bone scan, mri, pet scan, and other tests: These tests may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once lung cancer is diagnosed, additional tests may be performed to determine the stage of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
These tests may include more imaging tests, such as a CT scan of the brain, bone scan, or positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
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