4. Sejarah reproduksi: Awal haid, menopause telat, lan nenten madue anak utawi madue anak pertama sasampun mayusa 30 warsa prasida nincapang risiko kanker payudara.
11. Sejarah menstruasi: Anak istri sane ngawitin menstruasi dini utawi menopause telat madue risiko sane tegeh antuk kanker payudara.
12. Nyusuin: Anak istri sane durung naenin nyusuin madue baya kanker payudara sane tegeh.
13. Kontrol kelahiran: Anak istri sane nganggen kontrasepsi oral madue risiko sane agengan antuk kanker payudara.
Penting pisan mangda uning indik madué asiki utawi akéh faktor risiko puniki nénten ja mateges anak istri pacang keni kanker payudara, taler akéh anak istri sané keni kanker payudara nénten madué faktor risiko sané kauningin.
Tiosan punika, makudang-kudang faktor risiko, sekadi yusa miwah riwayat kulawarga, nenten prasida kauwah, nanging sane tiosan, sekadi gaya hidup, prasida kauwah mangda prasida ngirangin risiko.
Yoneda T: Cellular and molecular basis of preferential metastasis of breast cancer to bone. J Orthop Sci. 2000, 5 (1): 75-81.
Demirci S, Eser E, Ozsaran Z, Tankisi D, Aras AB, Ozaydemir G, Anacak Y: Validation of the Turkish versions of EORTC QLQ-C30 and BR23 modules in breast cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2011, 12 (5): 1283-7.
Kluttig A, Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A: Established and Suspected Risk Factors in Breast Cancer Aetiology. Breast Care (Basel). , 4 (2): 82-87.
Tabar L, Duffy SW, Yen MF, Warwick J, Vitak B, Chen HH, Smith RA: All-cause mortality among breast cancer patients in a screening trial: support for breast cancer mortality as an end point. J Med Screen. 2002, 9 (4): 159-62.
Gonzalez P, Lim JW, Wang-Letzkus M, Flores KF, Allen KM, Castañeda SF, Talavera GA: Breast Cancer Cause Beliefs: Chinese, Korean, and Mexican American Breast Cancer Survivors. West J Nurs Res. 2015, 37 (8): 1081-99.
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What causes breast cancer?
There is no single cause of breast cancer, but several factors can increase the risk of developing the disease.
Some of these factors include:
1. Age: The risk of breast cancer increases as a woman gets older.
2. Family history: A woman's risk of breast cancer is higher if she has a close relative (mother, sister, or daughter) who has had breast cancer.
3. Genetic mutations: Certain inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase the risk of breast cancer.
4. Reproductive history: Early menstruation, late menopause, and having no children or having the first child after age 30 can increase the risk of breast cancer.
5. Hormone replacement therapy: Women who take hormone replacement therapy for menopause have a higher risk of breast cancer.
6. Alcohol consumption: Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
7. Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of breast cancer.
8. Physical inactivity: A sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of breast cancer.
9. Radiation exposure: Exposure to high doses of radiation, particularly during childhood, can increase the risk of breast cancer.
10. Breast density: Women with dense breasts have a higher risk of breast cancer.
11. Menstrual history: Women who started menstruating early or went through menopause late have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer.
12. Breastfeeding: Women who have never breastfed have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer.
13. Birth control: Women who use oral contraceptives have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer.
It is important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not mean that a woman will definitely develop breast cancer, and many women who develop breast cancer have no known risk factors.
Additionally, some risk factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, while others, such as lifestyle factors, can be modified to reduce the risk.
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