What are the risk factors for Breast cancer?

Koji su faktori rizika za rak dojke?

Postoji nekoliko čimbenika rizika za rak dojke, od kojih se neki mogu mijenjati, a drugi ne.

Evo nekih od najčešćih čimbenika rizika:

1. Starost: Rizik od raka dojke povećava se s godinama, a većina slučajeva javlja se kod žena starijih od 50 godina.

2. Obiteljska povijest: Ako imate bliskog rođaka, kao što je majka, sestra ili kći, koji ima rak dojke, povećavate rizik.

3. Genetske mutacije: Određene nasljedne genetske mutacije, kao što su BRCA1 i BRCA2, povećavaju rizik od raka dojke.

4. Reproduktivna povijest: Rani menarhe (početak menstruacije), kasna menopauza, a bez djece ili s prvim djetetom nakon 30. godine mogu povećati rizik.

5. Hormonska zamjenska terapija: Dugoročna kombinacija estrogena i progesterona nakon menopauze može povećati rizik.

6. Konzumacija alkohola: Pijenje alkohola povećava rizik od raka dojke.

7. Gojaznost: Prekomjerna težina ili gojaznost povećavaju rizik, osobito nakon menopauze.

8. Fizička aktivnost: Nedostatak fizičke aktivnosti može povećati rizik.

9. Izloženost zračenju: Izloženost visokim dozama zračenja, osobito tijekom djetinjstva, može povećati rizik.

10. Gustina dojke: Žene s gustom dojkom imaju veći rizik od razvoja raka dojke.

11. Menstrualna povijest: Žene koje su počele menstruirati rano (prije 12. godine) ili su kasno prošle kroz menopauzu (nakon 55. godine) imaju nešto veći rizik.

12. Dojenje: Žene koje nikada nisu dojkale imaju nešto veći rizik od razvoja raka dojke.

Važno je napomenuti da imati jedan ili više čimbenika rizika ne znači da će osoba definitivno razviti rak dojke, a nedostatak čimbenika rizika ne jamči da osoba neće razviti rak dojke.

Međutim, razumijevanje ovih čimbenika rizika može pomoći pojedincima da donesu informirane odluke o svom zdravlju i potencijalno smanje rizik.

Referencije

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Wung SF, Hepworth JT, Sparenga D, Merkle CJ: Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Breast Cancer Outcomes: A Pilot Study. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2015, 42 (5): E330-8.

Frankl G: Risk factors in breast cancer: are they important, are they the same in pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer patients? Oncology. 1980, 37 (1): 41-5.

Ho PJ, Lau HSH, Ho WK, Wong FY, Yang Q, Tan KW, Tan MH, Chay WY, Chia KS, Hartman M, Li J: Incidence of breast cancer attributable to breast density, modifiable and non-modifiable breast cancer risk factors in Singapore. Sci Rep. 2020, 10 (1): 503.

Barnard ME, Boeke CE, Tamimi RM: Established breast cancer risk factors and risk of intrinsic tumor subtypes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015, 1856 (1): 73-85.

Hines LM, Risendal B, Slattery ML, Baumgartner KB, Giuliano AR, Sweeney C, Rollison DE, Byers T: Comparative analysis of breast cancer risk factors among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Cancer. 2010, 116 (13): 3215-23.

Rosner B, Glynn RJ, Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE, Tamimi RM, Chen WY, Holmes MD, Mu Y, Peng C, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Tworoger SS: A Multi-State Survival Model for Time to Breast Cancer Mortality among a Cohort of Initially Disease-Free Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2022, 31 (8): 1582-1592.

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What are the risk factors for breast cancer?

There are several risk factors for breast cancer, some of which are modifiable and others that are not.

Here are some of the most common risk factors:

1. Age: The risk of developing breast cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in women over the age of 50.

2. Family history: Having a close relative, such as a mother, sister, or daughter, with breast cancer increases your risk.

3. Genetic mutations: Certain inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

4. Reproductive history: Early menarche (start of menstruation), late menopause, and having no children or having the first child after age 30 can increase the risk.

5. Hormone replacement therapy: Long-term use of combined estrogen and progesterone hormone therapy after menopause can increase the risk.

6. Alcohol consumption: Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.

7. Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk, especially after menopause.

8. Physical activity: Lack of physical activity can increase the risk.

9. Radiation exposure: Exposure to high doses of radiation, particularly during childhood, can increase the risk.

10. Breast density: Women with dense breasts have a higher risk of developing breast cancer.

11. Menstrual history: Women who started menstruating early (before age 12) or went through menopause late (after age 55) have a slightly higher risk.

12. Breastfeeding: Women who have never breastfed have a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer.

It is important to note that having one or more risk factors does not mean that a person will definitely develop breast cancer, and not having any risk factors does not guarantee that a person will not develop breast cancer.

However, understanding these risk factors can help individuals make informed decisions about their health and potentially reduce their risk.

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