What is pathophysiology of Prostate cancer?

Što je patofiziologija raka prostate?

Patofiziologija raka prostate odnosi se na osnovne mehanizme i procese koji dovode do razvoja i progresije bolesti.

Rak prostate je maligni tumor koji nastaje iz stanica prostate, malog organa u obliku oraha koji se nalazi ispod mokraćnog mjehura kod muškaraca.

Prostatna žlijezda proizvodi sjemensku tekućinu, koja hrani i prevozi spermu.

Tačan uzrok raka prostate nije u potpunosti shvaćen, ali je poznato da nekoliko čimbenika povećava rizik od razvoja bolesti.

Među njima su dob, obiteljska povijest, rasa i određene genetske mutacije.

Rak prostate češće se javlja kod starijih muškaraca, a većina slučajeva javlja se kod muškaraca starijih od 65 godina.

Osim toga, muškarci koji imaju obiteljsku povijest raka prostate izloženi su povećanom riziku, kao i afroamerički muškarci i muškarci karibskog podrijetla.

Patofiziologija raka prostate uključuje nekontrolirani rast i podjelu stanica unutar prostate.

To se može dogoditi zbog genetskih mutacija koje dovode do prekomjerne ekspresije određenih faktora rasta ili inaktivacije gena supresora tumora.

Ove mutacije mogu rezultirati nereguliranim rastom stanica, što dovodi do formiranja tumora.

Kako tumor raste, može upasti u obližnja tkiva i organe, kao što su mjehur, rektum i obližnji limfni čvorovi.

U nekim slučajevima, stanice raka mogu se odvojiti od primarnog tumora i proširiti se na druge dijelove tijela kroz krvotok ili limfni sustav, proces poznat kao metastaza.

Jednom kad se rak proširi, može biti teže liječiti.

Na rak prostate mogu utjecati i hormonski čimbenici, osobito androgeni hormon testosteron.

Testosteron može stimulirati rast stanica raka prostate, a mnogi tretmani raka prostate imaju za cilj smanjiti razinu ovog hormona ili blokirati njegove učinke.

Ukratko, patofiziologija raka prostate uključuje nekontrolirani rast i podjelu stanica unutar prostate, na koje mogu utjecati genetski, hormonski i okolišni čimbenici.

Razumijevanje osnovnih mehanizama bolesti ključno je za razvoj učinkovitih tretmana i poboljšanje ishoda za pacijente s rakom prostate.

Referencije

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Zobniw CM, Causebrook A, Fong MK: Clinical use of abiraterone in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Res Rep Urol. 2014, 6 (): 97-105.

Lim HY, Agarwal AM, Agarwal N, Ward JH: Recurrent epistaxis as a presenting sign of androgen-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer. Singapore Med J. 2009, 50 (5): e178-80.

Kohli M, Qin R, Jimenez R, Dehm SM: Biomarker-based targeting of the androgen-androgen receptor axis in advanced prostate cancer. Adv Urol. 2012, 2012 (): 781459.

Nelson JB, Hedican SP, George DJ, Reddi AH, Piantadosi S, Eisenberger MA, Simons JW: Identification of endothelin-1 in the pathophysiology of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Nat Med. 1995, 1 (9): 944-9.

Msaouel P, Nandikolla G, Pneumaticos SG, Koutsilieris M: Bone microenvironment-targeted manipulations for the treatment of osteoblastic metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013, 22 (11): 1385-400.

Kotani K, Sekine Y, Ishikawa S, Ikpot IZ, Suzuki K, Remaley AT: High-density lipoprotein and prostate cancer: an overview. J Epidemiol. 2013, 23 (5): 313-9.

Jadvar H: Molecular imaging of prostate cancer: a concise synopsis. Mol Imaging. , 8 (2): 56-64.

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What is pathophysiology of prostate cancer?

The pathophysiology of prostate cancer refers to the underlying mechanisms and processes that lead to the development and progression of the disease.

Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that arises from the cells of the prostate gland, which is a small, walnut-shaped organ located below the bladder in men.

The prostate gland produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm.

The exact cause of prostate cancer is not fully understood, but several factors are known to increase the risk of developing the disease.

These include age, family history, race, and certain genetic mutations.

Prostate cancer is more common in older men, with the majority of cases occurring in men over the age of 65.

Additionally, men with a family history of prostate cancer are at an increased risk, as are African American men and men of Caribbean descent.

The pathophysiology of prostate cancer involves the uncontrolled growth and division of cells within the prostate gland.

This can occur due to genetic mutations that lead to the overexpression of certain growth factors or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.

These mutations can result in the unregulated growth of cells, leading to the formation of a tumor.

As the tumor grows, it can invade nearby tissues and organs, such as the bladder, rectum, and nearby lymph nodes.

In some cases, cancer cells can break away from the primary tumor and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, a process known as metastasis.

Once the cancer has spread, it can be more difficult to treat.

Prostate cancer can also be influenced by hormonal factors, particularly the androgen hormone testosterone.

Testosterone can stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cells, and many treatments for prostate cancer aim to reduce the levels of this hormone or block its effects.

In summary, the pathophysiology of prostate cancer involves the uncontrolled growth and division of cells within the prostate gland, which can be influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of the disease is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving outcomes for patients with prostate cancer.

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