Urtikaria, uga dikenal minangka gatal-gatal, minangka kahanan kulit sing ditondoi kanthi katon abang, gatal, lan bengkak ing kulit.
Iki bisa disebabake dening macem-macem faktor, kalebu reaksi alergi, infeksi, lan obat-obatan tartamtu.
Diagnosis urtikaria kalebu kombinasi riwayat medis, pemeriksaan fisik, lan kadhangkala tes laboratorium.
1. Riwayat medis: Dhokter bakal takon babagan riwayat medis pasien, kalebu alergi sing dingerteni, penyakit anyar, lan obat sing dijupuk.
Dheweke uga bakal takon babagan wiwitan gejala, durasi, lan apa wae sing bisa nyebabake.
2. Pemeriksaan fisik: Dhokter bakal mriksa kulit kanggo ngarsane welts, ukuran, lan distribusi.
Dheweke uga bisa mriksa tandha-tandha reaksi alergi liyane, kayata pembengkakan pasuryan, lambé, utawa ilat.
3. Tes laboratorium: Ing sawetara kasus, dhokter bisa uga mrentah tes getih kanggo mriksa yen ana alergi utawa infeksi.
Tes kulit, kayata tes tusukan kulit utawa tes patch, uga bisa ditindakake kanggo ngenali alergen tartamtu.
4. Tes alergi: Yen dhokter curiga reaksi alergi, dheweke bisa uga ngirim pasien menyang ahli alergi kanggo tes luwih lanjut.
Iki bisa uga kalebu tes tusukan kulit, tes patch, utawa tes getih kanggo ngenali alergen tartamtu.
5. Diagnosis diferensial: Dokter uga bakal nimbang sebab-sebab gejala liyane, kayata kahanan kulit liyane utawa kahanan medis sing ndasari, lan bisa uga mrentah tes tambahan kanggo ngilangi iki.
6. Tes provokasi: Ing kasus urtikaria fisik, ing ngendi sarang dipicu dening rangsangan fisik kayata panas, kadhemen, utawa tekanan, dhokter bisa nindakake tes provokasi kanggo ngonfirmasi diagnosis.
Iki kalebu mbukak kulit kanggo pemicu sing dicurigai kanggo ndeleng apa reaksi kedadeyan.
7. Tes autoimun: Ing kasus urtikaria kronis, dhokter bisa uga mrentah tes kanggo mriksa kelainan autoimun, amarga kadhangkala bisa nyebabake kahanan kasebut.
8. Tes pencitraan: Ing kasus-kasus langka, tes pencitraan kayata X-ray utawa CT scan bisa uga diprentah kanggo ngilangi kahanan liyane sing bisa nyebabake gejala sing padha.
Umumé, diagnosis urtikaria kalebu kombinasi riwayat medis, pemeriksaan fisik, lan kadhangkala tes laboratorium.
Tujuane yaiku kanggo ngenali panyebab sing ndasari lan nemtokake perawatan sing paling apik kanggo pasien.
Torabi B, Ben-Shoshan M: The association of cholinergic and cold-induced urticaria: diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2015, 2015 (): .
Schoepke N, Doumoulakis G, Maurer M: Diagnosis of urticaria. Indian J Dermatol. 2013, 58 (3): 211-8.
Hochstadter EF, Ben-Shoshan M: Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013 (): .
Ensina LF, Brandão LS, Neto HC, Ben-Shoshan M: Urticaria and angioedema in children and adolescents: diagnostic challenge. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2022, 50 (S Pt 1): 17-29.
Silvestre Salvador JF, Giménez-Arnau AM, Gómez de la Fuente E, González Del Castillo J, Martínez Virto AM, Miguens Blanco I, Serra-Baldrich E, Llorens P: Managing urticaria in the emergency department: recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert panel. Emergencias. 2021, 33 (4): 299-308.
Visitsuntorn N, Tuchinda M, Arunyanark N, Kerdsomnuk S: Ice cube test in children with cold urticaria. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1992, 10 (2): 111-5.
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How is urticaria diagnosed?
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by the appearance of red, itchy, and swollen welts on the skin.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergic reactions, infections, and certain medications.
Diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
1. Medical history: The doctor will ask about the patient's medical history, including any known allergies, recent illnesses, and medications taken.
They will also inquire about the onset of symptoms, their duration, and any potential triggers.
2. Physical examination: The doctor will examine the skin for the presence of welts, their size, and distribution.
They may also check for other signs of an allergic reaction, such as swelling of the face, lips, or tongue.
3. Laboratory tests: In some cases, the doctor may order blood tests to check for the presence of allergies or infections.
Skin tests, such as a skin prick test or patch test, may also be performed to identify specific allergens.
4. Allergy tests: If the doctor suspects an allergic reaction, they may refer the patient to an allergist for further testing.
This may include skin prick tests, patch tests, or blood tests to identify specific allergens.
5. Differential diagnosis: The doctor will also consider other possible causes of the symptoms, such as other skin conditions or underlying medical conditions, and may order additional tests to rule these out.
6. Provocation tests: In cases of physical urticaria, where the hives are triggered by physical stimuli such as heat, cold, or pressure, the doctor may perform a provocation test to confirm the diagnosis.
This involves exposing the skin to the suspected trigger to see if a reaction occurs.
7. Autoimmune tests: In cases of chronic urticaria, the doctor may order tests to check for autoimmune disorders, as these can sometimes cause the condition.
8. Imaging tests: In rare cases, imaging tests such as an X-ray or CT scan may be ordered to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
Overall, diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
The goal is to identify the underlying cause and determine the best course of treatment for the patient.
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