Ũwau wa kĩthũi (urticaria) nĩ ũwau wa kĩthũi ũla wĩthĩawa na mavũũ na ũkameta mũno.
Kĩndũ kĩmwe kĩtumaa mũndũ ethĩwa na ũwau ũsu nĩ kana histamine na syĩndũ ingĩ ila ithũkũmaa ta nzeve (inflammatory mediators) nithaw'a nĩ tũla twĩndũ twĩtawa mast cells, tũla twĩthĩawa na vinya wa kũsiĩĩa mowau (immune cells) nthĩnĩ wa mwĩĩ.
Ĩla mũndũ weew'a e mũwau mũno, nĩwambĩĩaa kũeka kũseũvya histamine na syĩndũ ingĩ ila ithũkũmaa ta mediators. Syĩndũ isu nĩ ta lĩu, ndawa, kana tũsamũ tũla tũũmũmanga.
Ũndũ ũsu ũtumaa twĩndũ tũu twĩthĩwa na kĩko kingĩ kya kũlikya nzeve na tũyambĩĩa kũseũvya syĩndũ ingĩ ta histamine.
Mavinda maingĩ mũndũ ndesĩ kĩla kĩtumaa mũndũ awaa nĩ ũwau ũsu, ĩndĩ ũwau ũsu ũeleawa ta ũwaĩte nũndũ wa mĩi ya mwĩĩ.
Ĩla ũu weethĩwa, mwĩĩ nĩw'o umasya syĩndũ ila syĩthĩawa syĩ vinya kũsiĩĩa mũnyuve wa IgE (FcεRI) ũla wĩ nthĩnĩ wa mastocyte, na ũu ũituma mastocyte isu syambĩĩa kũthũkũma na kũlekya histamine vamwe na syĩndũ ingĩ ila ithũkũmaa ta mediators.
Ĩla mũndũ weethĩwa na ũwau ũsu na waendeea kwa ĩvinda ĩasa, histamine vamwe na syĩndũ ingĩ ila ithũkũmaa ta mediators nitumaa mwĩĩ wambĩĩa kũmwelelũkya, na ũu ũituma mwĩĩ wambĩĩa kwĩtuma mũtune na kũimba.
Mavinda maingĩ ndawa sya kũsiĩĩa kũkua naĩ sya histamine nitũmĩkaa kũvosya na kũolanga mathĩna ala mũndũ wĩthĩawa namo.
Mavinda amwe ĩla ũwau wa mĩtũkĩ wa sikala wambĩĩa, no ũtũmĩe ndawa ingĩ ta corticosteroids kana omalizumab.
Wahlgren CF: Pathophysiology of itching in urticaria and atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 1992, 47 (2 Pt 1): 65-75.
Raap U, Liekenbröcker T, Wieczorek D, Kapp A, Wedi B: [New therapeutic strategies for the different subtypes of urticaria]. Hautarzt. 2004, 55 (4): 361-6.
[Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of urticaria in children]. Arch Argent Pediatr. 2021, 119 (2): S54-S66.
Brzoza Z, Grzeszczak W, Rogala B, Trautsolt W, Moczulski D: Possible contribution of chemokine receptor CCR2 and CCR5 polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous autoreactive urticaria. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). , 42 (4): 302-6.
Sweeney TM, Dexter WW: Cholinergic urticaria in a jogger: ruling out exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Phys Sportsmed. 2003, 31 (6): 32-6.
['Ũtao:']
["Kĩsese kĩĩ kĩseũvĩtw'e kwondũ wa kũmanyĩsya na kũtetheesya andũ, ĩndĩ ti kũnengane motao ma ũiiti kana ũtethyo ũngĩ."]
['Ũvoo ũla wĩ vo ndwaĩle kũtũmĩwa kũĩkĩĩthya kana mũndũ e na ũwau mũna, na ala mekwenda ũtao wa ũiiti maĩle kũneena na ndakĩtalĩ.']
["Kwa ngelekany'o, ĩla mũndũ wakũlya ĩkũlyo yĩ na namba, no amanye kana mũndũ ũsu e na ũwau mũna."]
['Kĩla ĩvinda neena na ndakĩtalĩ waku kana mũndũ ũngĩ ũsomeete maũndũ ma ũiiti. Ndũkaatate kũlea kana kũkua ĩvinda ũimũkũlya ũtao aĩ nũndũ wa maũndũ amwe wasoma Kĩsesenĩ kĩĩ. Ethĩwa wĩona ta wĩ na thĩna wa mĩtũkĩ, neena na namba ya 911 kana ũthi sivitalĩ ya mĩtũkĩ ĩla yĩ vakuvĩ.']
['Ũtao:']
['The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) nĩyaĩtye kana ala me na ũthasyo wa kumĩthya syĩndũ ila syĩ Indanetinĩ nĩmaĩle kũtata ũndũ matonya nĩ kana maĩkĩĩthye kana syĩndũ ila mekumĩthya nĩsyavĩnga mĩao ya nthĩ ya Amelika.']
['Ethĩwa wĩ na mũĩkĩĩo kana ũvoo ũla wĩ kĩsesenĩ kitũ kana nthĩnĩ wa syĩndũ ila tumasya nũvĩtĩsye mĩao yaku, no ũtũtũmĩe valũa ũũtwĩĩte kana no ũtũsiĩĩe tũikamĩsome.']
["Mĩao ya DMCA yaĩtye kana no nginya ũvoo ũla ũũtũmĩa kũtũtavya kana ve kĩndũ kĩna kĩnavĩnga mĩao ya kumĩthya syĩndũ wĩthĩwe na ũvoo ũũ: (1) ũvoo ĩũlũ wa syĩndũ ila iwetetwe kana nĩsyo ivĩngĩĩsiwe nĩ mĩao ĩsu; (2) ũvoo ĩũlũ wa syĩndũ ila iwetetwe kana nĩsyo ivĩngĩĩsiwe nĩ mĩao ĩsu na ũvoo ũtonya kũtũtetheesya kũmanya vala syĩndũ isu syĩ; (3) ũndũ ũtonya kũtũtavya ũndũ ũtonya kũtũtavya ũndũ ũtonya kũũkũlya, ta vala wĩkalaa, namba yaku ya simũ, na valũa waku wa simũ; (4) ũĩkĩĩthyo ũkwonany'a kana wĩ na mũĩkĩĩo kana syĩndũ ila iwetetwe vau iyĩtĩkĩlĩtw'e nĩ ũla wĩ na ũthasyo wa kũseũvya syĩndũ, kana nĩ mũũngamĩi wasyo, kana nĩ mĩao ĩngĩ."]
["(5) ũĩkĩĩthyo kuma kwaku, ũla ũandĩkĩte ũikĩa ũkũsĩ ũte wa w'o, kana ũvoo ũla wĩ nthĩnĩ wa livoti nĩ wa w'o na kana wĩ na ũkũmũ wa kũũngamĩa maũndũ ala mawetwa nĩ ũla ũkũũmĩw'a;"]
['Na (6) saii ya mwene syĩndũ kana mũndũ ũla ũnengetwe ũkũmũ wa kwĩka maũndũ kwondũ wake.']
Urticaria, commonly known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by the appearance of itchy, raised, red welts (wheals) on the skin.
The pathophysiology of urticaria involves the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators from mast cells, which are immune cells found in the skin and other tissues.
In acute urticaria, the release of histamine and other mediators is triggered by an allergic reaction to a specific allergen, such as food, medication, or insect sting.
This causes the mast cells to degranulate, releasing histamine and other mediators that cause blood vessels to become leaky, leading to the formation of wheals.
In chronic urticaria, the cause is often unknown, but it is thought to be related to an autoimmune mechanism.
In this case, the body produces autoantibodies that target the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells, leading to their activation and the release of histamine and other mediators.
In both acute and chronic urticaria, the release of histamine and other mediators leads to the characteristic symptoms of itching, redness, and swelling.
Treatment typically involves the use of antihistamines to block the effects of histamine and reduce symptoms.
In severe cases, other medications such as corticosteroids or omalizumab may be used to control the condition.
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