How is Alzheimer diagnosed?

['Welisi hɔɔlʋʋ kʋnɛ']

Ɛzɩma patɩlɩɣ kʋdɔŋ piye nɖɩ?

Palakɩ-kʋ lɛ, pañɩnɩɣ se pana se kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ kɩlɩnɩ le yaa kɩlɩnɩ le, nɛ patɩŋɩɣnɩ nʋmɔŋ ndɩ ndɩ yɔɔ se pana se kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ kɩlɩnɩ le yaa kɩlɩnɩ le.

1. Kʋdɔmɩŋ waʋ: Pʋcɔ nɛ ɖɔkɔtɔ nɔɔyʋ na se ŋkɛ kʋdɔndʋ yaa ŋfɛyɩnɩ kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ lɛ, ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛpɔzɩ-ŋ tɔm sakɩyɛ nɛ ɛna se ŋwɛnɩ lɩmaɣza naayɛ yaa ŋtɔzʋʋ camɩyɛ na.

2. Tʋma wena palakɩ ɛyʋ tomnaɣ taa nɛ lɩmaɣza taa yɔ: Palakɩ-yɛ se pana se ɛwɛnɩ maɣzɩm kɩbam na, ɛɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ tɔm camɩyɛ, ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛcɔnɩ tɔm ɖeɖe camɩyɛ nɛ ɛtɩlɩ ɖɔɖɔ tʋma lɛɛna wena ɛpɩzɩɣ nɛ ɛla yɔ.

3. Ñʋŋ weyi ɩwɩlɩɣ ɛzɩma ɛyʋ fɩtɩyɩm lakɩ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ: Nʋmɔŋ weyi ɩ-yɔɔ patɩŋɩɣna nɛ panaɣ ɛyʋ fɩtɩyɩm yɔ, ɩ-taa nakʋyʋ lɛ, mbʋ payaɣ se IRM (imagerie par résonance magnétique) yaa CT (tomographie par ordinateur) yɔ.

Palakɩ-kʋ ɖɔɖɔ nɛ panaɣ ɛzɩma calɩm mbʋ payaɣ se protéines yɔ, pɩwɛ kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ payaɣ se Alzheimer yɔ kɩ-taa yɔ.

4. Calɩm taa kpɛlɩkʋʋ: Ñɩnɩyaa nabɛyɛ wɩlaa se calɩm taa kpɛlɩkʋʋ nabʋyʋ pɩzɩɣ pɩsɩnɩ-wɛ nɛ pana se ɛyʋ wɛnɩ Alzheimer kʋdɔŋ na.

5. (a) Ɛzɩma pɩwɛɛ se pala nɛ pana se kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ kɩ-taa ɛyʋ wɛɛ yɔ, kɩtɩkɛ kɩsɩkʋ yaa kɩtɩkɛ kɩsɩkʋ yɔ: Ɛzɩma patɩtɩlɩ ɛzɩma pala nɛ pana se ɛyʋ wɛnɩ kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ yɔ, pɩpɔzʋʋ se patɩlɩ mbʋ pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩkɔnɩ-ɩ kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ yɔ.

Pɩcɛyaa se ɖɩtɩlɩ se pʋcɔ nɛ ɛyʋ sɩ lɛ, pɩwɛɛ se pañɩnɩ e-tomnaɣ taa hɔɔlɩŋ nɩɩyɩ nɛ pana.

Ɛlɛ, sɔnɔdaa lɛ, kʋdɔmɩŋ waʋ nʋmɔŋ weyi ɩ-yɔɔ patɩŋɩɣna yɔ, ɩpɩzɩɣ ɩsɩnɩ-ɖʋ nɛ ɖɩtɩlɩ ɛyʋ weyi kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ kɩkpa-ɩ yɔ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ ɛ-kʋdɔŋ cɛba yɔ.

Pɩcɛyaa se pasɩmɩ-ɩ lɔŋ pʋcɔ nɛ pawaa-ɩ nɛ pɔñɔɔzɩ mbʋ pakaɣ labʋ pʋwayɩ yɔ.

['Takayɩhatʋ ndʋ tɩtamsɩna \\ yɔ']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Liu SS, Zhu SQ: [Correlation between Alzheimer disease and cataract]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2017, 53 (4): 314-316.

Gauthier S: Practical guidelines for the antemortem diagnosis of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1985, 9 (5-6): 491-5.

Rubin R: New Test to Help Diagnose Alzheimer Disease. JAMA. 2022, 327 (23): 2281.

[Blood Based Biomarker for Optimization of Early and Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Dementia]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2022, 90 (7-08): 326-335.

Kapp MB: Physicians' legal duties regarding the use of genetic tests to predict and diagnose Alzheimer disease. J Leg Med. 2000, 21 (4): 445-75.

Britschgi M, Wyss-Coray T: Blood protein signature for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2009, 66 (2): 161-5.

Volicer L, Berman SA, Cipolloni PB, Mandell A: Persistent vegetative state in Alzheimer disease. Does it exist? Arch Neurol. 1997, 54 (11): 1382-4.

Imabayashi E, Saitoh Y, Tsukamoto T, Sakata M, Takano H: Combination of Astrogliosis and Phosphorylated Tau for the Preclinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease Using 3-Dimensional Stereotactic Surface Projection Images With 18 F-THK5351. Clin Nucl Med. 2022, 47 (12): 1066-1068.

Martínez A, Lahiri DK, Giacobini E, Greig NH: Advances in Alzheimer therapy: understanding pharmacological approaches to the disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2009, 6 (2): 83-5.

['Tɔm ndʋ tɩ-yɔɔ ɖitisiɣ yɔ: ɖɔkɔtɔ']

['Ye ŋwobi intɛrnɛɛtɩ lone ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yɔ, ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋkpɛlɩkɩ tɔm sakɩyɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ.']

['Pɩtɩpɔzɩ se patɩŋnɩ tɔm ndʋ pama takayaɣ kanɛ ka-taa yɔ tɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pañɩnɩ kʋdɔŋ nakʋyʋ yaa pawaa-kʋ.']

['Tɩlɩ camɩyɛ se ordinatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ tɔm ndʋ pɔpɔzʋʋ yɔ, tɩ-yɔɔ cosuu wɛ kaɖɛ, kɔzɩ kɔzɩ alɩwaatʋ ndʋ tɩ-taa pɔpɔzʋʋ tɔm natʋyʋ nɛ tɩ-taa tɔm pee tɩɖɔɔ yɔ.']

['Paa ɛzɩmtaa lɛ, pɔzɩ lɔŋ tasʋʋ fɛɖʋ weyi ɛsɩm ñɔ-yɔɔ tɔm sakɩyɛ yɔ nɛ ɛyɔɔdɩ-ŋ kʋdɔŋ ŋgʋ ŋwɛna yɔ kɩ-tɔm. Taayele nɛ lɔŋ tasʋʋ mbʋ fɛɖʋ ɛnʋ ɛha-ŋ yɔ, pɩɖɛɛ ñɔ-yɔɔ yaa ŋyele-pʋ ñɩnʋʋ mbʋ pʋyɔɔ yɔ ŋkalɩ tɔm natʋyʋ intɛrnɛɛtɩ lone ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ. Ye ŋmaɣzɩɣ se pɩwɩɣ-ŋ yɔ, yaa ɛyaa 911 yaa ŋwolo ɖɔkɔtɔ ŋgʋ kɩñɔtɩnɩ-ŋ yɔ kɩ-taa kpaagbaa.']

['Takayɩhatʋ ndʋ tɩtamsɩna \\ Paɣtʋ \\ yɔ']

['Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 ñɩŋgʋ, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) haɣ waɖɛ mba pɛwɛnɩ waɖɛ se pala tʋmɩyɛ intɛrnɛɛtɩ yɔɔ yɔ se pala mbʋ pɩkaɖɩɣnɩ waɖɛ nɖɩ pɛwɛna Etaazuunii ɛjaɖɛ taa yɔ.']

['Ye ŋmaɣzɩɣ se tɔm natʋyʋ yaa wonuu nakʋyʋ yɔɔ pama tɔm intɛrnɛɛtɩ lone ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ yaa intɛrnɛɛtɩ lone ɖɩnɛ ɖɩ-yɔɔ nɛ pɩkaɖɩɣnɩ ña-paɣtʋ yɔ, ña-maɣmaɣ yaa weyi ɛsɩɣ-ŋ tʋmɩyɛ yɔ, ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋtiyini-ɖʋ takayaɣ nɛ ŋpɔzɩ se ɖɩlɩzɩ tɔm ndʋ yaa wonuu ŋgʋ yaa ɖitaayele nɛ nɔɔyʋ tɩlɩ-kʋ.']

['Pɩwɛɛ se pama takayaɣ nɛ petiyini ordinatɛɛrɩ yɔɔ.']

['DMCA paɣtʋ pɔzʋʋ se ye ŋnawa se nɔɔyʋ tɩma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ, ŋma tɔm tʋnɛ: (1) takayaɣ ŋga ŋnawa se nɔɔyʋ tɩma-kɛ yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ tɔm; (2) takayaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ pamawa se nɔɔyʋ tɩma takayaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔ kɔ-yɔɔ tɔm nɛ tɔm ndʋ tɩsɩɣnɩ-ɖʋ se ɖɩtɩlɩ ɖenɖe ŋnaɣ takayaɣ ŋga yɔ; (3) ña-hɩɖɛ, kaŋgalaafu mayaɣ nɛ intɛrnɛɛtɩ mayaɣ; (4) ŋyɔɔdɩ kpayɩ se ŋwɛnɩ tisuu se takayaɣ ŋga ŋnawa se nɔɔyʋ tɩma-kɛ yɔ, pɩtɩkɛ weyi ɛtɩnɩ takayaɣ ŋga yɔ ɛ-maɣmaɣ ɛlɩzɩnɩ-kɛ, yaa ɛ-tʋmlaɖʋ nɔɔyʋ lɩzɩnɩ-kɛ, yaa se paɣtʋ natʋyʋ ɛɛhaɣ nʋmɔʋ se palabɩnɩ-kɛ tʋmɩyɛ.']

['(5) Ye ŋlabɩ mbʋ yɔ, ŋpɩzɩɣ nɛ ŋcɛtɩnɩ ñɔ-tɔm yɔɔ nɛ ŋyɔɔdɩ se tɔm ndʋ pama takayaɣ ŋga ka-taa yɔ tɩkɛ toovenim nɛ ŋwɛnɩ waɖɛ se ŋlʋ nɛ ŋwa mba payʋsʋʋ se pɛwɛɛkɩ ña-takayaɣ yɔ.']

['Nɛ (6) ye nɔɔyʋ ɛtɩnɩ takayaɣ nakɛyɛ yɔɔ tɔm yɔ, pɩwɛɛ se ɛñɩɣ nesi takayaɣ ŋga kɔ-yɔɔ.']

['Ye patɩyɔɔdɩ tɔm ndʋ tɩ-tɩŋa yɔ, pɩpɩzɩɣ nɛ pɩkɔnɩ tɔm hʋʋ kaɖɛ.']

['Ɛyʋ weyi ŋkatɩɣ yɔ']

['Ye ŋwɛnɩ tɔm natʋyʋ yaa ŋñɩnɩɣ se ŋtasɩ tɔm natʋyʋ yɔ, ɖitendi-ŋ ma-ɖʋ takayaɣ.']

How is alzheimer diagnosed?

Alzheimer's disease is diagnosed through a combination of methods, including a thorough medical evaluation, cognitive and neuropsychological tests, brain imaging, and the process of elimination of other possible causes.

1. Medical evaluation: A doctor will perform a physical examination and take a detailed medical history to rule out other possible causes of memory loss or cognitive decline, such as thyroid problems, vitamin deficiencies, or brain tumors.

2. Cognitive and neuropsychological tests: These tests assess memory, language, problem-solving, and other cognitive functions to determine the extent of cognitive impairment and to differentiate between normal age-related memory loss and dementia.

3. Brain imaging: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans can help identify structural changes in the brain that may indicate Alzheimer's disease.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scans can also be used to measure the levels of certain proteins associated with Alzheimer's disease.

4. Blood tests: Recent research has shown that certain blood tests can help diagnose Alzheimer's disease by measuring the levels of specific proteins or biomarkers associated with the disease.

5. Process of elimination: Since there is no single definitive test for Alzheimer's disease, diagnosis often involves ruling out other possible causes of dementia-like symptoms.

It is important to note that a definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease can only be made after death through an examination of brain tissue.

However, current diagnostic methods can provide a high level of certainty for a clinical diagnosis while the person is still alive.

Early diagnosis is important for starting treatment and planning for the future.

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