Mũrimũ wa prostate ũtangĩthimwo mũndũ amenyaga atĩa atĩ arĩ na kansa?
Mũrimũ wa prostate ũtwaranaga na njĩra ya gũthimwo na njĩra ingĩ ta:
1. Ũthuthuria wa kamũberethi ya kũgemia: Ndagĩtarĩ ekagĩra kaara karĩa gakoragwo na maguta kamũberethi-inĩ ĩyo nĩguo athuthurie prostate one kana harĩ kĩndũ kĩũru.
Kũingĩha kwa PSA no kuonanie atĩ mũndũ arĩ na kansa ya prostate.
3. Kĩgeranio kĩa Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): Kameme kanini nĩ kamwegagĩrũo thĩinĩ wa kanyua nĩguo koneke mũkiha wa prostate ũkĩhũthĩra mĩhũmũ ya mũgambo.
Ũndũ ũcio no ũteithie kũmenya mũrimũ o wothe wa prostate.
4. Kĩndũ kĩrutagwo thĩinĩ wa mũndũ: Gĩcunjĩ kĩnini kĩa prostate gĩkagerio na macini ya gũthima kĩndũ kĩnini mũno kĩonekaga (microscope) gĩkoneka kana harĩ na tũhengereta twa kansa.
Ĩyo noyo njĩra ĩrĩa tu ĩngĩtũma mũndũ amenye kana arĩ na kansa ya prostate.
5. Ũthuthuria wa Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Ũthuthuria wa MRI wa prostate no ũteithie kũmenya maũndũ marĩa mangĩkorũo matariĩ na ũtongoria ũrĩa ũngĩhũthĩrũo gũthima kĩĩga.
6. Ũthuthuria wa DNA: Mandagĩtarĩ amwe no mahũthĩre ũthuthuria wa DNA nĩguo mamenye kana mũndũ arĩ na kansa na mamũtongorie ũrĩa egũthuura kana nĩ ekũrigitwo.
7. Ũthuthuria wa mahĩndĩ: Mũndũ no athuthurie mahĩndĩ nĩguo one kana kansa nĩ ĩtambĩte nginya mahĩndĩ-inĩ.
8. Komputa ya tomography (CT): Komputa ya tomography no ĩhũthĩrũo kũrora kana kansa nĩ ĩtambĩte ĩgĩthiĩ ciĩga-inĩ ingĩ kana harĩ nyama.
Nĩ ũndũ wa bata kũmenya atĩ ti arũme othe arĩa marĩ na PSA nyingĩ kana moimĩrĩro moru ma DRE marĩ na kansa ya prostate, na ti arũme othe arĩa marĩ na kansa ya prostate mangĩkorũo na PSA nyingĩ.
Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.
Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
['Ũkaana: thibitarĩ']
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['Ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ thĩinĩ wa broshua ĩyo ndwagĩrĩirũo kũhũthĩrũo gũthima kana kũrigita mũrimũ mũna, na arĩa marenda ũtaaro wa ũrigitani magĩrĩirũo gũcaria ũteithio wa ndagĩtarĩ.']
['No wone atĩ netiwaki ya neuron ĩrĩa ĩheanaga macokio ma ciũria icio, ndĩkoragwo na ũkinyanĩru mũno ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ namba. Kwa ngerekano, mũigana wa andũ arĩa magwatĩtio mũrimũ mũna.']
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['Ũngĩkorũo na wĩtĩkio atĩ ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩna gĩtahingũrĩtwo ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ website kana ũtungata witũ nĩ gĩgũthũkia ihooto ciaku, wee (kana mũndũ ũrĩa ũgũgũthondekera) no ũtũtũmĩre notithi ũkĩũria ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩu kĩeherio, kana ũrigĩrĩrio ndũgacihũthĩre.']
["Marũa macio magĩrĩire gũtũmwo na njĩra ya kwandĩkwo na e-mail (rora ũhoro wa andirethi gĩcunjĩinĩ kĩa 'Maũndũ ma kwaranĩria')."]
['DMCA ĩbataraga atĩ notithi yaku ya kuuna ihooto cia wandĩki ĩkorwo na ũhoro ũyũ: (1) ũtaarĩria wa wĩra ũrĩa ũrĩ na ihooto cia wandĩki ũrĩa ũrarumwo; (2) ũtaarĩria wa ũhoro ũrĩa ũrarumwo na ũhoro mũiganu wa gũtũhotithia kũmenya kũrĩa ũhoro ũcio ũrĩ; (3) ũhoro waku wa kwaranĩria, hamwe na andirethi, namba ya thimũ na andirethi ya e-mail; (4) ndũmĩrĩri yaku atĩ wĩ na wĩtĩkio mwega atĩ ũhoro ũcio ũramenererio ndũrĩ na rũtha rwa mwene wa watho, kana mũrũgamĩrĩri, kana rwa watho o wothe; ']
['(5) nĩ mwandĩkanĩire, na nĩ mũkũheo mũkaana wa kũheenania, atĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ kĩmenyithiainĩ kĩu nĩ wa ma na atĩ mũrĩ na ũhoti wa kũhingia ihooto iria mũreganĩte nacio;']
['na (6) kĩrore kĩa mwene kĩhoto kana kĩa mũndũ wĩtĩkĩritio gwĩtongoria handũ ha mwene kĩhoto.']
['Kwaga kwandĩka ũhoro ũcio wothe no gũtũme gũtangĩka gwaku kũhĩtũke.']
['Ũhoro wa Kwaranĩria']
['Tũma ndũmĩrĩri ya kũbucia kũgerera thimũ kana thimũ ya mohoro.']
How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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