Mũrimũ wa prostate cancer ũtanyitwo nĩ mũrimũ wa cancer na ũhurutanaga na njĩra itiganĩte.
Prostate cancer nĩ mũrimũ wa cancer ũrĩa uumaga thĩinĩ wa kĩĩga kĩa prostate, kĩrĩa gĩkoragwo gĩ gĩ na mũhianĩre ta wa mũtwe wa mũndũrũme na gĩkoragwo rungu rwa kĩbo.
Prostate nĩ ĩrutaga mbeũ ya mbegũ ĩrĩa ĩheaga mbeũ cia arũme irio na ĩkamĩtwara.
Kĩrĩa gĩtũmaga mũndũ arware kansa ya prostate gĩtiũĩ wega, no nĩ kũrĩ maũndũ maingĩ moĩkaine atĩ nĩ mongererekaga.
Maũndũ macio nĩ ta ũkũrũ, mũrimũ wa famĩlĩ, rũrĩrĩ, na mogarũrũku mamwe ma kĩĩmerera.
Mũrimũ wa prostate kaingĩ ũkoragwo harĩ arũme arĩa akũrũ, na aingĩ ao makoragwo marĩ na ũkũrũ wa makĩria ma mĩaka 65.
Makĩria ma ũguo, arũme arĩa famĩlĩ-inĩ ciao gũkoretwo na mũrimũ wa prostate, o hamwe na andũ a kuuma Afrika na Amerika, marĩ ũgwati-inĩ mũnene wa kũrũara.
Mũrimũ wa prostate cancer ũtambagĩrĩria na gũkũra na gũciarana kwa tũhengereta thĩinĩ wa prostate gland.
Ũndũ ũcio no wĩkĩke nĩ ũndũ wa gũthũka kwa DNA ĩrĩa ĩrehaga ũingĩ wa tũcunjĩ twa proteini kana kũremwo nĩ kũruta wĩra wa DNA.
Mogarũrũku macio no matũme tũhengereta tũingĩhe mũno na ũndũ ũcio ũgatũma kũgĩe na kansa.
O ũrĩa ũcuke ũrakũra, no ũtharĩkĩre ciĩga iria irĩ hakuhĩ ta nyũngũ ya ironda cia nda, rektum, na lymph nodes iria irĩ hakuhĩ.
Rĩmwe na rĩmwe, tũhengereta twa kansa nĩ tũkoragwo tũtiganĩte na mũrimũ ũrĩa mũnene na tũgathiĩ tũgĩtherema ciĩga-inĩ ingĩ cia mwĩrĩ kũgerera thakame kana lymphatic system, mũtaratara ũrĩa wĩtagwo metastasis.
Rĩrĩa kansa ĩtambĩte, nĩ ũkoragwo ũrĩ ũndũ mũritũ kũmĩrigita.
Ningĩ prostate cancer no ĩtuthũkio nĩ maũndũ ma homoni, makĩria homoni ya androgen testosterone.
Testosterone no ĩtũme tũhengereta twa kansa ya prostate tũingĩhe, na njĩra nyingĩ cia kũrigita mũrimũ ũcio ikoragwo irĩ kũhũthia na kũgirĩrĩria ũhũthĩri wa homoni ĩyo.
Kwa ngerekano, mũrimũ wa prostate cancer ũtambĩte mũno na ũgathiĩ na mbere o na ũgĩtheremaga.
Nĩ wega kũmenya maũndũ marĩa matũmaga mũndũ arware kansa ĩyo nĩguo ũrigitani wake wagĩre na andũ arĩa marĩ na mũrimũ ũcio mahone.
Zobniw CM, Causebrook A, Fong MK: Clinical use of abiraterone in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Res Rep Urol. 2014, 6 (): 97-105.
Lim HY, Agarwal AM, Agarwal N, Ward JH: Recurrent epistaxis as a presenting sign of androgen-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer. Singapore Med J. 2009, 50 (5): e178-80.
Kohli M, Qin R, Jimenez R, Dehm SM: Biomarker-based targeting of the androgen-androgen receptor axis in advanced prostate cancer. Adv Urol. 2012, 2012 (): 781459.
Nelson JB, Hedican SP, George DJ, Reddi AH, Piantadosi S, Eisenberger MA, Simons JW: Identification of endothelin-1 in the pathophysiology of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Nat Med. 1995, 1 (9): 944-9.
Msaouel P, Nandikolla G, Pneumaticos SG, Koutsilieris M: Bone microenvironment-targeted manipulations for the treatment of osteoblastic metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013, 22 (11): 1385-400.
Kotani K, Sekine Y, Ishikawa S, Ikpot IZ, Suzuki K, Remaley AT: High-density lipoprotein and prostate cancer: an overview. J Epidemiol. 2013, 23 (5): 313-9.
Jadvar H: Molecular imaging of prostate cancer: a concise synopsis. Mol Imaging. , 8 (2): 56-64.
['Ũkaana: thibitarĩ']
['Website ĩno ĩkoragwo ĩrĩ ya kũrutana na kũheana ũhoro tu na ti ya kũheana ũtaaro wa ũrigitani kana ũtungata wa kĩĩmwĩrĩ.']
['Ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ thĩinĩ wa broshua ĩyo ndwagĩrĩirũo kũhũthĩrũo gũthima kana kũrigita mũrimũ mũna, na arĩa marenda ũtaaro wa ũrigitani magĩrĩirũo gũcaria ũteithio wa ndagĩtarĩ.']
['No wone atĩ netiwaki ya neuron ĩrĩa ĩheanaga macokio ma ciũria icio, ndĩkoragwo na ũkinyanĩru mũno ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ namba. Kwa ngerekano, mũigana wa andũ arĩa magwatĩtio mũrimũ mũna.']
['Hingo ciothe caria ũtaaro wa ndagĩtarĩ kana mũndũ ũngĩ wagĩrĩire ũgima-inĩ waku wa mwĩrĩ igũrũ rĩgiĩ mũrimũ. Ndũkaanahũthie ũtaaro wa ndagĩtarĩ kana ũcererũo kũũcaria nĩ ũndũ wa ũndũ ũthomete thĩinĩ wa website ĩno. Ũngĩkorũo ũrona ta wacemania na ũndũ mũhiũ, hũra thimũ 911 kana ũthiĩ thibitarĩ ya hakuhĩ na harĩa ũrĩ. Gũtirĩ ũrata wa ndagĩtarĩ na mũrwaru wonekaga nĩ ũndũ wa website ĩno kana kũhũthĩrũo kwayo. BioMedLib kana aruti ayo a wĩra, kana mũndũ ũngĩ wothe ũrutĩte wĩra thĩinĩ wa website ĩno, ndarĩ na ũira, wa ĩmwe kwa ĩmwe kana wa ĩmwe kwa ĩmwe, wĩgiĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũheanĩtwo ho kana ũrĩa ũhũthĩrĩtwo.']
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['Ũngĩkorũo na wĩtĩkio atĩ ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩna gĩtahingũrĩtwo ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ website kana ũtungata witũ nĩ gĩgũthũkia ihooto ciaku, wee (kana mũndũ ũrĩa ũgũgũthondekera) no ũtũtũmĩre notithi ũkĩũria ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩu kĩeherio, kana ũrigĩrĩrio ndũgacihũthĩre.']
["Marũa macio magĩrĩire gũtũmwo na njĩra ya kwandĩkwo na e-mail (rora ũhoro wa andirethi gĩcunjĩinĩ kĩa 'Maũndũ ma kwaranĩria')."]
['DMCA ĩbataraga atĩ notithi yaku ya kuuna ihooto cia wandĩki ĩkorwo na ũhoro ũyũ: (1) ũtaarĩria wa wĩra ũrĩa ũrĩ na ihooto cia wandĩki ũrĩa ũrarumwo; (2) ũtaarĩria wa ũhoro ũrĩa ũrarumwo na ũhoro mũiganu wa gũtũhotithia kũmenya kũrĩa ũhoro ũcio ũrĩ; (3) ũhoro waku wa kwaranĩria, hamwe na andirethi, namba ya thimũ na andirethi ya e-mail; (4) ndũmĩrĩri yaku atĩ wĩ na wĩtĩkio mwega atĩ ũhoro ũcio ũramenererio ndũrĩ na rũtha rwa mwene wa watho, kana mũrũgamĩrĩri, kana rwa watho o wothe; ']
['(5) nĩ mwandĩkanĩire, na nĩ mũkũheo mũkaana wa kũheenania, atĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ kĩmenyithiainĩ kĩu nĩ wa ma na atĩ mũrĩ na ũhoti wa kũhingia ihooto iria mũreganĩte nacio;']
['na (6) kĩrore kĩa mwene kĩhoto kana kĩa mũndũ wĩtĩkĩritio gwĩtongoria handũ ha mwene kĩhoto.']
['Kwaga kwandĩka ũhoro ũcio wothe no gũtũme gũtangĩka gwaku kũhĩtũke.']
['Ũhoro wa Kwaranĩria']
['Tũma ndũmĩrĩri ya kũbucia kũgerera thimũ kana thimũ ya mohoro.']
What is pathophysiology of prostate cancer?
The pathophysiology of prostate cancer refers to the underlying mechanisms and processes that lead to the development and progression of the disease.
Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that arises from the cells of the prostate gland, which is a small, walnut-shaped organ located below the bladder in men.
The prostate gland produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm.
The exact cause of prostate cancer is not fully understood, but several factors are known to increase the risk of developing the disease.
These include age, family history, race, and certain genetic mutations.
Prostate cancer is more common in older men, with the majority of cases occurring in men over the age of 65.
Additionally, men with a family history of prostate cancer are at an increased risk, as are African American men and men of Caribbean descent.
The pathophysiology of prostate cancer involves the uncontrolled growth and division of cells within the prostate gland.
This can occur due to genetic mutations that lead to the overexpression of certain growth factors or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.
These mutations can result in the unregulated growth of cells, leading to the formation of a tumor.
As the tumor grows, it can invade nearby tissues and organs, such as the bladder, rectum, and nearby lymph nodes.
In some cases, cancer cells can break away from the primary tumor and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, a process known as metastasis.
Once the cancer has spread, it can be more difficult to treat.
Prostate cancer can also be influenced by hormonal factors, particularly the androgen hormone testosterone.
Testosterone can stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cells, and many treatments for prostate cancer aim to reduce the levels of this hormone or block its effects.
In summary, the pathophysiology of prostate cancer involves the uncontrolled growth and division of cells within the prostate gland, which can be influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of the disease is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving outcomes for patients with prostate cancer.
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