What is pathophysiology of Prostate cancer?

Ntshinyi tshidi tshileja mudi disama dia kansere ka mu tshiadi dienzeka?

Muanda wa disama dia kansere ka mu tshiadi udi uleja malu adi afikisha ku dikola ne dikola dia disama edi.

Kansere ka mu tshiadi (kansa ka mu buongo) mmushipa udi ufumina mu selile ya mu tshiadi (prostate gland), udi bu kamuma kakese kadi muinshi mua tshiadi (vessie) kudi bantu balume.

Prostate utu upatula mâyi a mupuya wa mulume adi adisha ne ambula lulelu.

Kabena bamanye bimpe tshidi tshisaka bantu bua kupeta disama dia kansere ka mu tshiadi to, kadi kudi malu a bungi adi mua kuvudija njiwu ya disama edi.

Mu malu aa mudi: bidimu, malu a mu dîku, dikoba ne amue mashintuluka a mu selile.

Kansere ka mu tshiadi katu katamba kukuata bantu balume bakulumpe, ne misangu ya bungi katu katamba kukuata bantu balume badi ne bidimu bipite pa 65.

Kabidi, bantu balume badi ne disama dia kansere ka mu tshiadi mu dîku diabu badi mu njiwu ya bungi, anu bu mudi bena mu Afrike ne bena mu Caraïbes.

Muanda wa disama dia kansere ka mu tshiadi utu utangila didiunda ne ditapuluka dia selile ya mu tshiadi.

Bidi mua kuenzeka nanku bua dishintuluka dia mu selile didi difikisha ku divula dia tumue tutupa tua mubidi anyi dibenga kuenza mudimu bimpe dia selile itu yambuluisha bua kukepesha bisama.

Dishintuluka dia mushindu wa selile edi didi mua kufikisha selile ku didiunda bibi, ne kuenza bua selile ikale ne kansere.

Padi kansere kakola, kadi mua kukuata bitupa bia mubidi bidi pabuipi bu mudi mu tshifu, mu tshinu ne mu tuishi tua mu mubidi tudi pabuipi.

Imue misangu, kansere kadi mua kupatuka mu tumatere ne kuya ku bitupa bikuabu bia mubidi ku diambuluisha dia mashi anyi dia mupuya wa mu mubidi.

Padi disama dia kansere ditangalaka, didi mua kukolela bua kudiondopa.

Kansere ka mu tshiadi kadi kabidi mua kuikala ne tutupa tua mubidi tudi tuenza bu mudi: hormone testosterone.

Téstostérone udi mua kusaka selile ya kansere ka mu tshiadi bua kukola, ne ngondapilu ya bungi ya kansere ka mu tshiadi itu ne tshipatshila tshia kukepesha bungi bua selile eu anyi kuimanyika bipeta biayi.

Mu tshikoso, disama dia kansere ka mu tshiadi didi dienda dikola ne dialakana kakuyi mushindu wa kudikanda.

Kumanya mushindu udi disama edi dienzeka kudi ne mushinga bua kupeta ngondapilu muimpe ne kuakaja mushindu wa kuondopa babedi badi ne disama edi.

['Malu adibu bafunde']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Zobniw CM, Causebrook A, Fong MK: Clinical use of abiraterone in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Res Rep Urol. 2014, 6 (): 97-105.

Lim HY, Agarwal AM, Agarwal N, Ward JH: Recurrent epistaxis as a presenting sign of androgen-sensitive metastatic prostate cancer. Singapore Med J. 2009, 50 (5): e178-80.

Kohli M, Qin R, Jimenez R, Dehm SM: Biomarker-based targeting of the androgen-androgen receptor axis in advanced prostate cancer. Adv Urol. 2012, 2012 (): 781459.

Nelson JB, Hedican SP, George DJ, Reddi AH, Piantadosi S, Eisenberger MA, Simons JW: Identification of endothelin-1 in the pathophysiology of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Nat Med. 1995, 1 (9): 944-9.

Msaouel P, Nandikolla G, Pneumaticos SG, Koutsilieris M: Bone microenvironment-targeted manipulations for the treatment of osteoblastic metastasis in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013, 22 (11): 1385-400.

Kotani K, Sekine Y, Ishikawa S, Ikpot IZ, Suzuki K, Remaley AT: High-density lipoprotein and prostate cancer: an overview. J Epidemiol. 2013, 23 (5): 313-9.

Jadvar H: Molecular imaging of prostate cancer: a concise synopsis. Mol Imaging. , 8 (2): 56-64.

['Dibenga kuambula bujitu: bua malu a luondapu']

['Site eu udi ne tshipatshila tshia kulongesha ne kumanyisha patupu, ki ntshia kufila mibelu ya manga anyi midimu ya baminganga to.']

['Malu adibu bafile aa kaena ne bua kuambuluisha bua kumanya disama kampanda anyi bua kudiondopa to, ne bantu badi bakeba mibelu ya malu a luondapu badi ne bua kuyikila ne munganga udi ne mukanda wa dianyisha dia mudimu.']

['Tangila ne: ordinatere udi ufila mandamuna a nkonko eyi utu utamba kupanga kujadika malu padiwu ne malu a bungi bu mudi bungi bua bantu badibu bakuate ne disama kampanda.']

['Ikala misangu yonso ukeba mibelu ya munganga anyi ya munganga mukuabu udi mumanye bimpe malu a luondapu. Kupepeji mibelu ya baminganga anyi kuanji kuanji kuindila bua kuyikeba anu bua bualu kampanda buudi mubale mu site eu to. Wewe wela meji ne: udi ne disama dia lukasa, fubidila 911 anyi ndaku diakamue ku lupitadi lua pabuipi nebe. Site eu anyi dienza mudimu nende ki mbienze bua kuikale malanda pankatshi pa munganga ne mubedi to.']

['Dibenga kutumikila mikenji: bukenji bua kufunda']

['Mikenji ya mu États-Unis idi ilomba bantu badi ne bukenji bua kuenza bintu kampanda bua kuenzabu malu makuabu.']

['Wewe mumone ne: bualu kampanda budi mu site wetu anyi mu midimu yetu budi bunyanga manême ebe a bintu, udi mua kututumina mukanda bua kutulomba bua kubujikija anyi kubupangisha bua kububala.']

['Badi ne bua kutuma dimanyisha edi mu mukanda ku Enternete (bala tshiena-bualu tshia "Contact" bua kupeta adrese wa Enternete). ']

['DMCA udi ulomba ne: mu dimanyisha diebe dia bualu budibu bamba ne: mbupangile bukenji bua kufundilangana malu mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mufunda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mikanda mu mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik 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mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik mik']

['5) mukanda uudi wewe muine mufunde udi uleja ne: malu adi mu mukanda eu mmalelela ne udi ne bukokeshi bua kuenzeja bukenji budibu bamba ne: mbunyange.']

['ne 6) tshiala tshia muena bukenji anyi tshia muntu udi ne bukokeshi bua kuenza malu mu dîna dia muena bukenji. ']

['Wewe kuyi mufunde malu onso aa, udi mua kuladikija tshilumbu tshiebe.']

['Diyukidilangana']

['Nudi mua kututumina mesaje a ku Enternete ne lukonko anyi lungenyi luenu luonso.']

What is pathophysiology of prostate cancer?

The pathophysiology of prostate cancer refers to the underlying mechanisms and processes that lead to the development and progression of the disease.

Prostate cancer is a malignant tumor that arises from the cells of the prostate gland, which is a small, walnut-shaped organ located below the bladder in men.

The prostate gland produces seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm.

The exact cause of prostate cancer is not fully understood, but several factors are known to increase the risk of developing the disease.

These include age, family history, race, and certain genetic mutations.

Prostate cancer is more common in older men, with the majority of cases occurring in men over the age of 65.

Additionally, men with a family history of prostate cancer are at an increased risk, as are African American men and men of Caribbean descent.

The pathophysiology of prostate cancer involves the uncontrolled growth and division of cells within the prostate gland.

This can occur due to genetic mutations that lead to the overexpression of certain growth factors or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes.

These mutations can result in the unregulated growth of cells, leading to the formation of a tumor.

As the tumor grows, it can invade nearby tissues and organs, such as the bladder, rectum, and nearby lymph nodes.

In some cases, cancer cells can break away from the primary tumor and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, a process known as metastasis.

Once the cancer has spread, it can be more difficult to treat.

Prostate cancer can also be influenced by hormonal factors, particularly the androgen hormone testosterone.

Testosterone can stimulate the growth of prostate cancer cells, and many treatments for prostate cancer aim to reduce the levels of this hormone or block its effects.

In summary, the pathophysiology of prostate cancer involves the uncontrolled growth and division of cells within the prostate gland, which can be influenced by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

Understanding the underlying mechanisms of the disease is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving outcomes for patients with prostate cancer.

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