Urticaria, yeo gape e tsebjago e le dikgofa, ke boemo bja letlalo bjo bo hlaolwago ke go tšwelela ga dikgofa tše di hubedu, tše di hlohloregago le tše di rurugilego letlalong.
E ka bakwa ke dilo tše di fapafapanego, go akaretša go ba le bolwetši bja go se iketle mmeleng, go fetelwa ke malwetši le dihlare tše itšego.
Go hwetša gore motho o na le urticaria go akaretša go hlahloba histori ya tša kalafo, go hlahlobja mmeleng le ka dinako tše dingwe diteko tša laboratoring.
1. Histori ya tša kalafo: Ngaka e tla botšiša ka histori ya tša kalafo ya molwetši, go akaretša le dilo tšeo a tsebago gore di a mo šilafatša, malwetši a sa tšwago go feta le dihlare tšeo a di nwago.
Le gona ba tla botšiša ka nako yeo dika di thomilego ka yona, lebaka leo di tšerego ka lona le dilo tšeo di ka bago di bakile gore o ikwe ka tsela yeo.
2. Go hlahlobja mmeleng: Ngaka e tla hlahloba letlalo go bona ge e ba go na le dišo, bogolo bja tšona le go abja ga tšona.
Ba ka hlahloba le maswao a mangwe a go se iketle mmeleng, a bjalo ka go ruruga ga sefahlego, melomo goba leleme.
Diteko tša laboratoring: Mabakeng a mangwe, ngaka e ka laela gore go dirwe diteko tša madi go lekola ge e ba go na le dilo tšeo di sa kgahlišego mmele goba go fetelwa ke malwetši.
Diteko tša letlalo, tše bjalo ka teko ya go hlaba letlalo goba teko ya go phuthela letlalo, le tšona di ka dirwa go hlaola dilo tšeo di hlolago allergen.
4. Diteko tša go ganana le dilo tše di hlolago mpholo: Ge e ba ngaka e belaela gore molwetši o na le mpholo, e ka mo romela go setsebi sa tša mpholo bakeng sa go dira diteko tše di oketšegilego.
Se se ka akaretša diteko tša letlalo tša go hlaba, diteko tša go hlwekiša goba diteko tša madi bakeng sa go hlaola dilo tšeo di bakago go se iketle mmeleng.
5. Go hlaola: Ngaka e tla ela hloko gape le dilo tše dingwe tšeo di ka bakago maswao, tše bjalo ka maemo a mangwe a letlalo goba maemo a mangwe a tša kalafo, gomme e ka laela gore go dirwe diteko tše dingwe go hlatsela gore ga se tšona.
Diteko tša go hlohleletša: Mabakeng a urticaria ya mmele, moo go hlohlona go hlohleletšwago ke dilo tše di hlohleletšago tša mmele tše bjalo ka phišo, go tonya goba kgateletšo, ngaka e ka dira teko ya go hlohleletša go kgonthišetša tlhahlobo.
Se se akaretša go bea letlalo la gago moo go nago le selo seo go naganwago gore se ka baka bolwetši e le gore o bone ge e ba o tla arabela.
Diteko tša go lwantšha malwetši a mmele: Mabakeng a go hlohlona ga letlalo ga nako e telele, ngaka e ka laela gore go dirwe diteko go hlahloba malwetši a mmele, ka ge a ka baka boemo ka dinako tše dingwe.
8. Diteko tša go bontšha seswantšho: Mabakeng a sego kae, go ka dirwa diteko tša go bontšha seswantšho tše bjalo ka X-ray goba CT scan go leka go hlatsela gore ga go na maemo a mangwe ao a ka bakago dika tše di swanago.
Ka kakaretšo, go hlaola urticaria go akaretša go kopanywa ga histori ya tša kalafo, tlhahlobo ya mmele le ka dinako tše dingwe diteko tša laboratoring.
Pakane ke go hwetša sebaki sa kgonthe le go kgetha kalafo e kaone bakeng sa molwetši.
Torabi B, Ben-Shoshan M: The association of cholinergic and cold-induced urticaria: diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2015, 2015 (): .
Schoepke N, Doumoulakis G, Maurer M: Diagnosis of urticaria. Indian J Dermatol. 2013, 58 (3): 211-8.
Hochstadter EF, Ben-Shoshan M: Cold-induced urticaria: challenges in diagnosis and management. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013 (): .
Ensina LF, Brandão LS, Neto HC, Ben-Shoshan M: Urticaria and angioedema in children and adolescents: diagnostic challenge. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2022, 50 (S Pt 1): 17-29.
Silvestre Salvador JF, Giménez-Arnau AM, Gómez de la Fuente E, González Del Castillo J, Martínez Virto AM, Miguens Blanco I, Serra-Baldrich E, Llorens P: Managing urticaria in the emergency department: recommendations of a multidisciplinary expert panel. Emergencias. 2021, 33 (4): 299-308.
Visitsuntorn N, Tuchinda M, Arunyanark N, Kerdsomnuk S: Ice cube test in children with cold urticaria. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 1992, 10 (2): 111-5.
['Boikano: bja tša kalafo']
['Wepesaete ye e neetšwe feela bakeng sa go ruta le go nea tsebišo gomme ga e nee keletšo ya tša kalafo goba ditirelo tša tša kalafo.']
['Tsebišo yeo e neilwego ga se ya swanela go dirišwa bakeng sa go hlahloba goba go alafa bothata bja tša maphelo goba bolwetši, gomme bao ba nyakago keletšo ya tša kalafo ya motho ka noši ba swanetše go boledišana le ngaka yeo e nago le tumelelo.']
['Ka kgopelo lemoga gore netweke ya methapo yeo e tšweletšago dikarabo tša dipotšišo, ga e nepagale kudu ge go tliwa go diteng tša dinomoro. Ka mohlala, palo ya batho bao ba hweditšwego ba na le bolwetši bjo bo itšego.']
['Ka mehla nyaka keletšo ya ngaka ya gago goba mofani yo mongwe wa tlhokomelo ya tša maphelo yo a nago le bokgoni mabapi le boemo bja tša kalafo. Le ka mohla o se ke wa hlokomologa keletšo ya tša kalafo goba wa diega go e nyaka ka baka la selo seo o se badilego wepesaeteng ye. Ge e ba o nagana gore o ka ba o le boemong bja tšhoganetšo bja tša kalafo, leletša 911 goba o ye phapošing ya tšhoganetšo ya kgauswi le wena kapejana. Ga go na tswalano ya ngaka le molwetši yeo e bopšago ke wepesaete ye goba go e diriša. BioMedLib goba bašomi ba yona, goba motho le ge e le ofe yo a tsenyago letsogo wepesaeteng ye, ga ba dire ditshepišo le ge e le dife, e ka ba tše di boletšwego ka go lebanya goba tše di sa hlaloswago gabotse, mabapi le tsebišo yeo e neilwego mo goba go e diriša.']
['Go se tšee karolo: tokelo ya ngwalollo']
['Molao wa Digital Millennium Copyright wa 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) o nea baamogedi ba tokelo ya ngwalollo bao ba dumelago gore dilo tšeo di tšwelelago ka go Inthanete di tshwenyana le ditokelo tša bona ka tlase ga molao wa U.S. wa tokelo ya ngwalollo. ']
['Ge e ba o dumela ka potego gore diteng goba dilo tšeo di lego mabapi le wepesaete ya rena goba ditirelo di tshwenyana le tokelo ya gago ya go gatiša, wena (goba moemedi wa gago) o ka re romela tsebišo ya gore o kgopele gore diteng goba dilo tšeo di tlošwe goba gore o thibelwe go di fihlelela. ']
["Ditsebišo di swanetše go romelwa ka go ngwala ka emeile (lebelela karolo ya 'Kgokagano' go hwetša aterese ya emeile). "]
['DMCA e nyaka gore tsebišo ya gago ya go pharwa ga molao wa tokelo ya ngwalollo e akaretše tshedimošo ye e latelago: (1) tlhaloso ya mošomo wa tokelo ya ngwalollo wo o pharwago ka molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa go pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao wa pharwa ga molao.']
['(5) setatamente sa gago, seo se saennwego ka tlase ga kotlo ya go bolela maaka, gore tshedimošo yeo e lego tsebišong e nepagetše le gore o na le maatla a go phethagatša ditokelo tša mongwadi tšeo go thwego di a gatakelwa; ']
['le (6) tshaeno ya kgonthe goba ya elektroniki ya mong wa tokelo ya ngwalollo goba motho yo a dumeletšwego go dira legatong la mong wa tokelo ya ngwalollo. ']
['Go palelwa ke go akaretša tshedimošo ka moka ya ka godimo go ka dira gore go šongwa ga ngongorego ya gago go diege.']
['Go Ikgokaganya']
['Re romele imeile ka kgopelo le ge e le efe goba tšhišinyo.']
How is urticaria diagnosed?
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a skin condition characterized by the appearance of red, itchy, and swollen welts on the skin.
It can be caused by a variety of factors, including allergic reactions, infections, and certain medications.
Diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
1. Medical history: The doctor will ask about the patient's medical history, including any known allergies, recent illnesses, and medications taken.
They will also inquire about the onset of symptoms, their duration, and any potential triggers.
2. Physical examination: The doctor will examine the skin for the presence of welts, their size, and distribution.
They may also check for other signs of an allergic reaction, such as swelling of the face, lips, or tongue.
3. Laboratory tests: In some cases, the doctor may order blood tests to check for the presence of allergies or infections.
Skin tests, such as a skin prick test or patch test, may also be performed to identify specific allergens.
4. Allergy tests: If the doctor suspects an allergic reaction, they may refer the patient to an allergist for further testing.
This may include skin prick tests, patch tests, or blood tests to identify specific allergens.
5. Differential diagnosis: The doctor will also consider other possible causes of the symptoms, such as other skin conditions or underlying medical conditions, and may order additional tests to rule these out.
6. Provocation tests: In cases of physical urticaria, where the hives are triggered by physical stimuli such as heat, cold, or pressure, the doctor may perform a provocation test to confirm the diagnosis.
This involves exposing the skin to the suspected trigger to see if a reaction occurs.
7. Autoimmune tests: In cases of chronic urticaria, the doctor may order tests to check for autoimmune disorders, as these can sometimes cause the condition.
8. Imaging tests: In rare cases, imaging tests such as an X-ray or CT scan may be ordered to rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms.
Overall, diagnosing urticaria involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and sometimes laboratory tests.
The goal is to identify the underlying cause and determine the best course of treatment for the patient.
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