Lu tumuri dâ prostata si diagnostica attraversu na cumminazzioni di provi e pruciduri, ca ponnu cumprènniri:
1. Esami rittàli cu li mani: Lu mèdicu nfila nu dittu guantatu e lubrificatu ntô rettu pi tastari la prutistata pi vìdiri si ci sunnu anormalità.
2. Prutesta di l'antigeni spicìficu dâ prostata (PSA): Chista è na prova di sangu ca misura lu liveddu di PSA, na prutiìna pruduciuta dâ ghiànnula dâ prostata.
Li livelli di PSA àuti ponnu ndicari la prisenza di cancru dâ prustata.
3. Ultrasuoni transrettali (TRUS): Na sonda nica veni nficcata ntô rettu pi criari na mmàggini dâ prostata usannu l'unni sonori.
Chistu pò aiutari a identificari qualunchi anormalità ntâ ghiànnula prutàtica.
4. Biopsia: Si leva nu pìcculu campiuni di tissutu dâ prostata e si esamina sutta nu microscopiu pi vìdiri si ci sunnu celluli cancerusi.
Chistu è l'unicu modu sicuru pi diagnosticari lu tumuri dâ prostata.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Na scansioni dâ prutesta cu la MRI pò aiutari a identificari qualunqui anurmalità e guidari la prucidura dâ biopsia.
6. Pruvisti ginòmici: Alcuni medici ponnu usari li provi ginòmici pi aiutari a ditirminari l'aggressività dû tumuri e pi guidari li dicisioni di trattamentu.
7. Scansioni di l'ossa: Si pò fari na scansioni di l'ossa pi vìdiri si lu tumuri si è diffusu ntê ossa.
8. Tomografia computerizzata (CT): Si pò usari na tomografia computerizzata pi vìdiri si lu tumuri si è diffusu a àutri òrgani o tissuti.
È mpurtanti nutari ca nun tutti l'omini cu livelli di PSA elevati o risurtati anormali di DRE avìssiru cancru dâ prostata, e nun tutti li cancri dâ prostata causanu livelli di PSA elevati.
Pi chistu, na biupsia è nicissaria pi cunfirmari la diagnusi.
Inoltre, la dicisioni di fari na biopsia si fa doppu aviri cunzidiratu li risurtati di sti provi e li fatturi di rischi e li prifirenzi di l'individuu.
Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.
Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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