Wɔfa akwan horow so hwehwɛ ahrawa mu kokoram mu hu, a ebi ne:
1. Akwahosan ho nsɛm a woadi ne nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu: Dɔkota no bebisa wo wo yare no ho nsɛnkyerɛnne, sigaretnom ho nsɛm, ne kokoram a woanya wɔ w'abusua mu ho nsɛm.
Wɔbɛhwɛ wo nipadua nso ahwɛ sɛ ebia yare no ho nsɛnkyerɛnne bi wɔ hɔ anaa.
2. Mfonini a wɔde hwɛ: Wɔtaa de ntini mu mfonini (X-ray) ne kɔmputa so mfonini (CT) yɛ mfoni a ɛma wohu ahurututu ne nneɛma a atwa ho ahyia no yiye.
Saa nhwehwɛmu yi betumi aboa ma wɔahu nneɛma bi a ɛmfata te sɛ kokoram anaa ntini bi a ebetumi akyerɛ sɛ obi anya ahurututu mu kokoram.
3. Nsu a ɛwɔ wo ntasu mu: Wɔde afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete (microscope) hwehwɛ wo ntasu mu hwɛ sɛ ebia kokoram nkwammoaa bi wɔ hɔ anaa.
4. Nea wɔde hwehwɛ biribi mu: Wotu ahurututu mu nneɛma bi hwɛ wɔ afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete mu hwɛ sɛ kokoram nkwammoaa bi wɔ mu anaa.
Wobetumi ayɛ eyi denam ade a wɔde hwɛ ntini mu, paane a wɔde paane yɛ mu, anaa oprehyɛn a wɔde paane yɛ mu.
5. Bronchoscopy: Wɔde afiri a wɔde hwɛ mframa mu a ɛyɛ ketewa a kanea wɔ mu fa hwene anaa ano mu kɔ menewa mu kɔhwɛ ahurututu.
Wobetumi de saa kwan yi nso ayɛ adwuma de aboawa ho nneɛma a wɔde bɛhwɛ nipadua no mu.
6. Akwaa a wɔde paane pa (FNA): Wɔde paane ketewa bi hyɛ ahurututu mu ma wonya nkwammoaa de yɛ nhwehwɛmu.
7. Thoracentesis: Wɔde paane yi nsu fi ntokuru a ɛwɔ ahurututu ne koko no ntam no mu, na afei wɔhwehwɛ nsu no mu hwɛ sɛ ebia kokoram nkwammoaa bi wɔ mu anaa.
8. Mogya mu nhwehwɛmu: Ɛwom sɛ mogya mu nhwehwɛmu nkutoo ntumi nhu ahurututu mu kokoram de, nanso ebetumi aboa ma wɔahu ɔyarefo no akwahosan ne nneɛma a ɛmfata biara a ebetumi akyerɛ sɛ ɔwɔ kokoram.
9. Bone scan, MRI, PET scan, ne nhwehwɛmu afoforo: Wobetumi de saa nhwehwɛmu yi ahwɛ sɛ kokoram no atrɛw akɔ nipadua no afã foforo anaa.
Sɛ wohu sɛ woanya ahurututu mu kokoram a, wobetumi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo de ahu kokoram no mu nkɔanim, na aboa ma wɔahu ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so asa no.
Saa nhwehwɛmu yi betumi ayɛ nneɛma pii te sɛ CT a wɔde hwehwɛ amemene no mu, nnompe mu, anaa PET (positron emission tomography) a wɔde hwehwɛ nipadua no mu.
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Ni J, Guo Z, Zhang L: [The diagnostic significance of single or combination lung cancer-related serum biomarkers in high risk lung cancer patients]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2016, 55 (1): 25-30.
Nishiyama N, Nakatani S, Iwasa R, Taguchi S, Inoue K, Kinoshita H: [Differential diagnosis between peripheral lung cancer invading the chest wall and chest-wall tumors]. Kyobu Geka. 1997, 50 (10): 893-7.
Kang C, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang F, Chen J: Construction and Validation of a Lung Cancer Diagnostic Model Based on 6-Gene Methylation Frequency in Blood, Clinical Features, and Serum Tumor Markers. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021, 2021 (): 9987067.
Heydari F, Rafsanjani MK: A Review on Lung Cancer Diagnosis Using Data Mining Algorithms. Curr Med Imaging. 2021, 17 (1): 16-26.
Li L, Feng T, Zhang W, Gao S, Wang R, Lv W, Zhu T, Yu H, Qian B: MicroRNA Biomarker hsa-miR-195-5p for Detecting the Risk of Lung Cancer. Int J Genomics. 2020, 2020 (): 7415909.
Li B, Yuan Q, Zou YT, Su T, Lin Q, Zhang YQ, Shi WQ, Liang RB, Ge QM, Li QY, Shao Y: CA-125, CA-153, and CYFRA21-1 as clinical indicators in male lung cancer with ocular metastasis. J Cancer. 2020, 11 (10): 2730-2736.
Magee ND, Villaumie JS, Marple ET, Ennis M, Elborn JS, McGarvey JJ: Ex vivo diagnosis of lung cancer using a Raman miniprobe. J Phys Chem B. 2009, 113 (23): 8137-41.
['Nsɛm a Ɛnsɛ sɛ Wɔka:']
['Wɔayɛ wɛbsaet yi sɛ wɔmfa nkyerɛkyerɛ na wɔmfa nkyerɛkyerɛ afoforo, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔde rema aduruyɛ ho afotu anaa wɔde rema adwuma.']
['Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm a wɔde ama no di dwuma de hwehwɛ yare bi ho yare anaa wɔde sa yare, na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔrehwehwɛ ayaresa ho afotu no kohu oduruyɛfo a ɔwɔ tumi krataa.']
['Yɛsrɛ wo hyɛ no nsow sɛ, sɛnea wɔhwɛ nsɛmmisa no so no, sɛ ɛba sɛ wɔrekyerɛw nnipa dodow a wɔanya yare bi ho asɛm a, ɛntaa nsi yiye.']
['Hwehwɛ afotu fi wo duruyɛfo anaa ɔyaresafo foforo a ɔfata hɔ bere biara wɔ yare bi ho. Nnya adwene sɛ wo nsa bɛka oduruyɛfo afotu anaasɛ wubetwa so esiane biribi a woakenkan wɔ wɛbsaet yi so nti. Sɛ wususuw sɛ ebia wo ho behia wo wɔ ayaresa mu a, frɛ 911 anaa kɔ ayaresabea a ɛbɛn wo paa ntɛm ara.']
['Nsɛm a wɔmmɔ ho ban:']
['Digital Millennium Copyright Act a wɔhyɛe wɔ afe 1998 mu, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) no ma wɔn a wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn nneɛma no kwan sɛ wɔyɛ nea wɔpɛ biara.']
["Sɛ wugye di sɛ nsɛm anaa nneɛma a ɛwɔ yɛn wɛbsaet anaa yɛn dwumadibea no mu bi to wo mmara a wode bɔɔ nneɛma ho ban no a, wo (anaa w'ananmusifo) betumi de krataa akɔma yɛn de aka sɛ yɛnyi nsɛm anaa nneɛma no, anaa yɛmmɔ kwan mma wonnya bi."]
["Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde krataa ne email na ɛbɔ amanneɛ (hwɛ 'Contact' afã hɔ na wubehu email address)."]
['DMCA hwehwɛ sɛ wo amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa nea wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mmara a wobu so ho no de nsɛm a edidi so yi ka ho: (1) adwuma a mmara bɔ ho ban a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔadi so no ho asɛm; (2) nsɛm a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔadi so no ho asɛm ne nsɛm a ɛbɛboa yɛn ma yɛahu baabi a ɛwɔ; (3) wo ho nsɛm a yɛde bedi nkitaho, a wo address, telefon nɔma ne email address ka ho; (4) wo nsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wugye di sɛ nea wɔabɔ ho sobo no nyɛ nea mmara ma ho kwan; ']
['(5) wo nsahyɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsɛm a ɛwɔ amanneɛbɔ no mu yɛ nokware, na wowɔ tumi sɛ wode nea wɔkyerɛ sɛ woadi ho dwuma no bedi dwuma; ']
['ne (6) nea ɔwɔ tumi sɛ ɔyɛ biribi ma obi a ɔwɔ tumi sɛ ɔyɛ biribi ma no no nsaano nkyerɛwee.']
['Sɛ woamfa nsɛm a yɛaka yi nyinaa anka ho a, ebetumi ama wo ka no akyɛ.']
['Nkitahodi']
['Yɛsrɛ wo, fa nsɛmmisa anaa nyansahyɛ biara a wowɔ brɛ yɛn wɔ e-mail so.']
How is lung cancer diagnosed?
Lung cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Medical history and physical examination: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, smoking history, and family history of lung cancer.
They will also perform a physical examination to check for any signs of the disease.
2. Imaging tests: Chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly used to create detailed images of the lungs and surrounding structures.
These tests can help detect abnormalities, such as tumors or nodules, that may indicate the presence of lung cancer.
3. Sputum cytology: A sample of your sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
4. Biopsy: A sample of lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
This can be done through a bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
5. Bronchoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the nose or mouth and down the throat to examine the airways and lungs.
This procedure can also be used to collect tissue samples for biopsy.
6. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA): A thin needle is inserted into the lung nodule or mass to collect a sample of cells for examination.
7. Thoracentesis: Fluid is removed from the space between the lungs and chest wall using a needle, and the fluid is then examined for cancer cells.
8. Blood tests: While blood tests alone cannot diagnose lung cancer, they can help determine the overall health of the patient and identify any abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer.
9. Bone scan, mri, pet scan, and other tests: These tests may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once lung cancer is diagnosed, additional tests may be performed to determine the stage of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
These tests may include more imaging tests, such as a CT scan of the brain, bone scan, or positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
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['Ɛfa ho']
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