Nneɛma a ebetumi ama woanya ahurututu mu kokoram no bi ne:
1. Sigaretnom: Sigaretnom ne ade titiriw a ɛma ahurututu mu kokoram.
Sɛ obi nom sigaret dodow da biara na sɛ ɔnom mfe dodow a, asiane no yɛ kɛse.
2. Sigaretnom: Sɛ obi nom sigaret na sɛ obi nso nom bi a, ebetumi ama wanya ahurututu mu kokoram.
3. Radon mframa: Radon mframa a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ abɔde mu a ano yɛ den betumi ama ahurututu mu kokoram ayɛ nnipa pii.
4. Asbestos ne nneɛma foforo a ɛde kokoram ba: Asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, soot, tar, ne nneɛma foforo a obi nya mu tumi ma onya ahurututu mu kokoram.
5. Mframa a wɔsɛe no: Mframa a wɔsɛe no bere tenten, titiriw wɔ nkurow akɛse mu no betumi ama ahurututu mu kokoram a obi betumi anya no ayɛ kɛse kakra.
6. Abusua mu kokoram: Sɛ kokoram wɔ obi abusua mu a, ebetumi ama wanya bi.
7. Mframa mu yare a obi anya pɛn: Nnipa a wɔwɔ ahurututu mu yare te sɛ ahurututu mu yare a ɛmma obi ntumi nnantew yiye (COPD) anaa nsamanwaw betumi anya ahurututu mu kokoram.
8. Mfe a obi adi: Sɛ obi nyin a, otumi nya ahurututu mu kokoram, na nnipa a wonya bi no dodow no ara yɛ wɔn a wɔadi boro mfe 65.
9. Ɔbarima ne Ɔbea: Mmarima taa nya ahurututu mu kokoram sen mmea.
10. Mframa mu aduru: Mframa mu aduru a wɔde ma obi a wanya kokoram foforo no betumi ama wanya ahurututu mu kokoram.
11. Aduan: Aduan a nnuaba ne afumduan pii nnim betumi ama ahurututu mu kokoram ayɛ obi kɛse.
12. Mmosa nom: Sɛ obi nom nsã pii a, ebetumi ama wanya ahurututu mu kokoram.
13. Awo mu nneɛma: Awosu mu nneɛma bi a ɛsakra betumi ama ahurututu mu kokoram ayɛ obi kɛse.
Ɛho hia sɛ wubehu sɛ sɛ obi nya saa nneɛma yi mu biako anaa nea ɛboro saa a, ɛnkyerɛ sɛ obenya ahurututu mu kokoram, na ebia nnipa bi a wonya ahurututu mu kokoram no nni nneɛma a ɛma wonya kokoram no bi.
Nanso, nneɛma a ebetumi ama obi anya ahurututu mu kokoram yi a wobɛtwe wo ho afi ho no betumi aboa ma woayare no so atew.
Jin YJ, Tang W, Huang Y, Wang JW, Hou DH, Qi LL, Zhao SJ, Wu N: [Risk factors for lung cancer based on low-dose computed tomography screening]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 2020, 42 (3): 222-227.
Hosseini M, Naghan PA, Karimi S, SeyedAlinaghi S, Bahadori M, Khodadad K, Mohammadi F, Kaynama K, Keynama K, Masjedi MR: Environmental risk factors for lung cancer in Iran: a case-control study. Int J Epidemiol. 2009, 38 (4): 989-96.
Zhou X, Hu J, Zhang C, Zhan Y, Song Y, Fan W, Hu Z, Yang H, Yang Q, Wu D, Li F, Li D, Nie R: Clinical characteristics and risk factors for in-hospital mortality of lung cancer patients with COVID-19: A multicenter, retrospective, cohort study. Thorac Cancer. 2021, 12 (1): 57-65.
Liu X, Fan Y, Jiang Y, Xiang J, Wang J, Sun Z, Ren G, Yao S, Chang R, Zhao Y, Qiao Y, Zhou Q: [A cohort study on risk factors of lung cancer in Yunnan tin miners]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2013, 16 (4): 184-90.
Aoun J, Saleh N, Waked M, Salamé J, Salameh P: Lung cancer correlates in Lebanese adults: a pilot case--control study. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2013, 3 (4): 235-44.
Chan-Yeung M, Koo LC, Ho JC, Tsang KW, Chau WS, Chiu SW, Ip MS, Lam WK: Risk factors associated with lung cancer in Hong Kong. Lung Cancer. 2003, 40 (2): 131-40.
['Nsɛm a Ɛnsɛ sɛ Wɔka:']
['Wɔayɛ wɛbsaet yi sɛ wɔmfa nkyerɛkyerɛ na wɔmfa nkyerɛkyerɛ afoforo, na ɛnyɛ sɛ wɔde rema aduruyɛ ho afotu anaa wɔde rema adwuma.']
['Ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔde nsɛm a wɔde ama no di dwuma de hwehwɛ yare bi ho yare anaa wɔde sa yare, na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔrehwehwɛ ayaresa ho afotu no kohu oduruyɛfo a ɔwɔ tumi krataa.']
['Yɛsrɛ wo hyɛ no nsow sɛ, sɛnea wɔhwɛ nsɛmmisa no so no, sɛ ɛba sɛ wɔrekyerɛw nnipa dodow a wɔanya yare bi ho asɛm a, ɛntaa nsi yiye.']
['Hwehwɛ afotu fi wo duruyɛfo anaa ɔyaresafo foforo a ɔfata hɔ bere biara wɔ yare bi ho. Nnya adwene sɛ wo nsa bɛka oduruyɛfo afotu anaasɛ wubetwa so esiane biribi a woakenkan wɔ wɛbsaet yi so nti. Sɛ wususuw sɛ ebia wo ho behia wo wɔ ayaresa mu a, frɛ 911 anaa kɔ ayaresabea a ɛbɛn wo paa ntɛm ara.']
['Nsɛm a wɔmmɔ ho ban:']
['Digital Millennium Copyright Act a wɔhyɛe wɔ afe 1998 mu, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) no ma wɔn a wɔwɔ hokwan sɛ wɔyɛ wɔn nneɛma no kwan sɛ wɔyɛ nea wɔpɛ biara.']
["Sɛ wugye di sɛ nsɛm anaa nneɛma a ɛwɔ yɛn wɛbsaet anaa yɛn dwumadibea no mu bi to wo mmara a wode bɔɔ nneɛma ho ban no a, wo (anaa w'ananmusifo) betumi de krataa akɔma yɛn de aka sɛ yɛnyi nsɛm anaa nneɛma no, anaa yɛmmɔ kwan mma wonnya bi."]
["Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde krataa ne email na ɛbɔ amanneɛ (hwɛ 'Contact' afã hɔ na wubehu email address)."]
['DMCA hwehwɛ sɛ wo amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa nea wɔkyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mmara a wobu so ho no de nsɛm a edidi so yi ka ho: (1) adwuma a mmara bɔ ho ban a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔadi so no ho asɛm; (2) nsɛm a wɔkyerɛ sɛ wɔadi so no ho asɛm ne nsɛm a ɛbɛboa yɛn ma yɛahu baabi a ɛwɔ; (3) wo ho nsɛm a yɛde bedi nkitaho, a wo address, telefon nɔma ne email address ka ho; (4) wo nsɛm a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wugye di sɛ nea wɔabɔ ho sobo no nyɛ nea mmara ma ho kwan; ']
['(5) wo nsahyɛ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nsɛm a ɛwɔ amanneɛbɔ no mu yɛ nokware, na wowɔ tumi sɛ wode nea wɔkyerɛ sɛ woadi ho dwuma no bedi dwuma; ']
['ne (6) nea ɔwɔ tumi sɛ ɔyɛ biribi ma obi a ɔwɔ tumi sɛ ɔyɛ biribi ma no no nsaano nkyerɛwee.']
['Sɛ woamfa nsɛm a yɛaka yi nyinaa anka ho a, ebetumi ama wo ka no akyɛ.']
['Nkitahodi']
['Yɛsrɛ wo, fa nsɛmmisa anaa nyansahyɛ biara a wowɔ brɛ yɛn wɔ e-mail so.']
What are the risk factors for lung cancer?
The risk factors for lung cancer include:
1. Smoking: Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.
The risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the number of years a person has smoked.
2. Secondhand smoke: Exposure to secondhand smoke can increase the risk of lung cancer in non-smokers.
3. Radon gas: Exposure to high levels of radon gas, a naturally occurring radioactive gas, can increase the risk of lung cancer.
4. Asbestos and other carcinogens: Exposure to asbestos, arsenic, chromium, nickel, soot, tar, and other substances can cause lung cancer.
5. Air pollution: Long-term exposure to air pollution, particularly in urban areas, may slightly increase the risk of lung cancer.
6. Family history: A family history of lung cancer may increase a person's risk.
7. Personal history of lung disease: People with a history of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or tuberculosis may have an increased risk of lung cancer.
8. Age: The risk of lung cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over the age of 65.
9. Gender: Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women.
10. Radiation therapy: Previous radiation therapy to the chest for other cancers can increase the risk of lung cancer.
11. Diet: A diet low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of lung cancer.
12. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption may increase the risk of lung cancer.
13. Genetics: Certain genetic mutations may increase the risk of lung cancer.
It is important to note that having one or more of these risk factors does not necessarily mean a person will develop lung cancer, and some people who develop lung cancer may not have any known risk factors.
However, reducing or avoiding exposure to these risk factors can help lower the chances of developing lung cancer.
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['Ɛfa ho']
['BioMedLib de kɔmputa a wɔde di dwuma (mfidie a wɔde sua ade) na ɛma nsɛmmisa ne mmuae.']
['Yɛde nhoma ahorow a ɛfa nnuruyɛ mu ɔpepem 35 a ɛwɔ PubMed/Medline ne RefinedWeb mu na efii ase.']
