Daar is verskeie risikofaktore vir borskanker, waarvan party veranderbaar is en ander nie.
Hier is 'n paar van die algemeenste risikofaktore:
1. Ouderdom: Die risiko om borskanker te ontwikkel, neem toe met die ouderdom, en die meeste gevalle kom by vroue ouer as 50 jaar voor.
2. Gesinsgeskiedenis: As 'n naaste familielid, soos 'n moeder, suster of dogter, borskanker het, verhoog dit jou risiko.
3. Genetiese mutasies: Sekere oorerflike genmutasies, soos BRCA1 en BRCA2, verhoog die risiko om borskanker te ontwikkel.
4. Reproduktiewe geskiedenis: Vroeë menarche (begin van menstruasie), laat menopouse, en om geen kinders te hê of die eerste kind na die ouderdom van 30 te hê, kan die risiko verhoog.
5. Hormonvervangende terapie: Langtermyn gebruik van gekombineerde estrogeen- en progesteronhormoonterapie ná die menopouse kan die risiko verhoog.
6. Alkoholverbruik: Om alkohol te drink, verhoog die risiko van borskanker.
7. Vetsug: Om oorgewig of vetsugtig te wees, verhoog die risiko, veral ná die menopouse.
8. Fisiese aktiwiteit: Gebrek aan fisiese aktiwiteit kan die risiko verhoog.
9. Straling blootstelling: Blootstelling aan hoë dosisse straling, veral gedurende die kinderjare, kan die risiko verhoog.
10. Borsdigtheid: Vroue met digte borste het 'n hoër risiko om borskanker te ontwikkel.
11. Menstruele geskiedenis: Vroue wat vroeg (voor die ouderdom van 12) begin menstrueer het of laat (na die ouderdom van 55) die menopouse deurgemaak het, het 'n effens hoër risiko.
12. Borsvoeding: Vroue wat nog nooit borsvoed het nie, het 'n effens hoër risiko om borskanker te ontwikkel.
Dit is belangrik om daarop te let dat die beskikbaarheid van een of meer risikofaktore nie beteken dat 'n persoon beslis borskanker sal ontwikkel nie, en die afwesigheid van enige risikofaktore waarborg nie dat 'n persoon nie borskanker sal ontwikkel nie.
Maar om hierdie risikofaktore te verstaan, kan individue help om ingeligte besluite oor hulle gesondheid te neem en moontlik hul risiko te verminder.
Wung SF, Hepworth JT, Sparenga D, Merkle CJ: Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Breast Cancer Outcomes: A Pilot Study. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2015, 42 (5): E330-8.
Frankl G: Risk factors in breast cancer: are they important, are they the same in pre- and post-menopausal breast cancer patients? Oncology. 1980, 37 (1): 41-5.
Ho PJ, Lau HSH, Ho WK, Wong FY, Yang Q, Tan KW, Tan MH, Chay WY, Chia KS, Hartman M, Li J: Incidence of breast cancer attributable to breast density, modifiable and non-modifiable breast cancer risk factors in Singapore. Sci Rep. 2020, 10 (1): 503.
Barnard ME, Boeke CE, Tamimi RM: Established breast cancer risk factors and risk of intrinsic tumor subtypes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015, 1856 (1): 73-85.
Hines LM, Risendal B, Slattery ML, Baumgartner KB, Giuliano AR, Sweeney C, Rollison DE, Byers T: Comparative analysis of breast cancer risk factors among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. Cancer. 2010, 116 (13): 3215-23.
Rosner B, Glynn RJ, Eliassen AH, Hankinson SE, Tamimi RM, Chen WY, Holmes MD, Mu Y, Peng C, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Tworoger SS: A Multi-State Survival Model for Time to Breast Cancer Mortality among a Cohort of Initially Disease-Free Women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2022, 31 (8): 1582-1592.
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What are the risk factors for breast cancer?
There are several risk factors for breast cancer, some of which are modifiable and others that are not.
Here are some of the most common risk factors:
1. Age: The risk of developing breast cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in women over the age of 50.
2. Family history: Having a close relative, such as a mother, sister, or daughter, with breast cancer increases your risk.
3. Genetic mutations: Certain inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, increase the risk of developing breast cancer.
4. Reproductive history: Early menarche (start of menstruation), late menopause, and having no children or having the first child after age 30 can increase the risk.
5. Hormone replacement therapy: Long-term use of combined estrogen and progesterone hormone therapy after menopause can increase the risk.
6. Alcohol consumption: Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
7. Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk, especially after menopause.
8. Physical activity: Lack of physical activity can increase the risk.
9. Radiation exposure: Exposure to high doses of radiation, particularly during childhood, can increase the risk.
10. Breast density: Women with dense breasts have a higher risk of developing breast cancer.
11. Menstrual history: Women who started menstruating early (before age 12) or went through menopause late (after age 55) have a slightly higher risk.
12. Breastfeeding: Women who have never breastfed have a slightly higher risk of developing breast cancer.
It is important to note that having one or more risk factors does not mean that a person will definitely develop breast cancer, and not having any risk factors does not guarantee that a person will not develop breast cancer.
However, understanding these risk factors can help individuals make informed decisions about their health and potentially reduce their risk.
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