Lawu na lam ni lawm ai, sai jep ai lam ni hte tsi lajang ai lam ni hpe galaw nna, prostate cancer hpe chye lu ai:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): Lagaw lahkam hta lama ma n kaja ai hpe mu lu hkra, tsi sarawun gaw lahtan hte chyip chyip re ai layung hpe lahtan kata de shawn bang ya ai.
(2) Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Ndai gaw sai jep ai lam re.
PSA jahpan rawt jat ai gaw, prostate cancer byin ai hpe madun chye ai.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): N gup kata kaw na nsen pru wa ai shaloi, prostate a sumla hpe mu lu na matu, nsen kaji langai mi hpe dai kaw bang ya ai.
Dai gaw, lawu lahta na shan hta lama ma n kaja ai hpe chye lu ai.
4. Hkum hkrang hpe jep yu ai lam (Biopsy): Lawu lahta na sai daw kaji langai hpe shaw la nna, microscope hte yu ai shaloi, cancer ana n nga ai hpe mu lu ai.
Ndai gaw lawu lahta sin hta byin ai cancer hpe atsawm chye lu ai ladat langai sha re.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Magnetic resonance scan (MRI) hku nna prostate hpe sawk yu yang, ana byin ai lam hpe mu lu nna, sai hpe bai shaw la na matu karum ya lu ai.
6. Genome hpe jep ai lam: Machyi makaw a madang hpe chye lu na matu hte tsi lajang ai lam hpe chye na matu, nkau mi gaw dai hpe jailang ma ai.
7. Bone Scan: Nra hta cancer kap wa sai kun? ngu ai hpe sawk yu na matu, nra hpe scan galaw ai.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Dai hpe kaga hkum hkrang daw ni hte shan hta ana n kap wa ai lam sawk yu na matu lang ai.
PSA level tsaw ai (sh) DRE n kaja ai mahtai lu ai lasha yawng hta prostate cancer byin ai n re ai hpe chye ra ai.
Dai majaw, ana jep ai lam hpe hkrak chye lu na matu, sai hpe jep ra ai.
Dai hta n-ga, sai jep ai lam galaw na matu dawdan ai shaloi, ndai jep ai lam ni a mahtai hte machyi chye ai lam ni hte tinang ra sharawng ai lam ni hpe myit yu ra ai.
Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.
Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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