1. Ũkũũ: Mũndũ akũa nũtonya kũkwatwa nĩ ũwau wa ngoo, na mũno mũno ethĩwa mũndũũme e na myaka 45 na mũndũ mũka e na myaka 55.
2. Kwĩthĩwa na cholesterol mbingĩ: Kwĩthĩwa na cholesterol mbingĩ nthũku (LDL) na cholesterol nini nzeo (HDL) no kũtume mũndũ ethĩwa na ũwau wa ngoo.
3. Kũthimĩka kwa nthakame: Mũndũ eethĩwa na ũwau wa kuthimĩka kwa nthakame na ũyĩthĩa ndatonya kũiitwa, nũtonya kũwaa ngoo mũno.
4. Ũwau wa sukalĩ: Andũ ala makwatĩtwe nĩ ũwau ũsu methĩawa matonya kũkw'a ngoo mũno nũndũ wa ũndũ sukalĩ wĩthĩawa ũthũkĩte nthakamenĩ.
5. Kwĩthĩwa na ũito mwingĩ kana kwĩyĩima mũno: Mũndũ wĩ na ũito mwingĩ nũtonya kũkwatwa nĩ ũwau wa ngoo nũndũ wa maũndũ angĩ ta kũthelelwa nĩ nthakame na ũwau wa sukalĩ.
6. Kũema kwĩka masoesi: Mũndũ alea kwĩka masoesi nũtonya kũkw'a ngoo na ũu no ũtume ethĩwa na ũwau ũngĩ wa ngoo.
7. Kũnyw'a sikala: Kũnyw'a sikala nĩkũtonya kũtuma mũndũ awaa nĩ ũwau wa ngoo nũndũ nĩkwanangaa nthakame na kũituma nthakame yĩtumba.
8. Andũ amwe ma mũsyĩ nĩmatonya kwĩthĩwa makwatĩtwe nĩ ũwau wa ngoo.
10. Mũndũ eethĩwa na ũwau wa ngoo kana stroke: Andũ ala maĩ na ũwau wa ngoo kana stroke nĩmatonya kwĩsa kũwaa ĩngĩ.
11. Kwĩmakĩa: Kwĩmakĩa mũno nĩkũtonya kũtuma mũndũ awaa ngoo na kũituma ethĩwa na mũisyo wa kũkw'a ngoo.
12. Mowau ala matumaa mwĩĩ ũemwa nĩ kũsũngĩa mũwau: Kwa ngelekany'o, andũ amwe methĩawa na ũwau wĩtawa lupus na ũwau ũngĩ wĩtawa rheumatoid arthritis, na ũu no ũtume ũwau wa ngoo ũnyita andũ aingĩ.
13. Thĩna wa mwĩĩ ũla ũtonya kumĩla mũndũ e na ĩvu: Aka ala methĩawa na ũwau wa sukalĩ ĩla me na ĩvu kana ũwau ũngĩ wa nthakame ĩla me na ĩvu nĩmatonya kwĩsa kũwaa ngoo ĩvinda yũkĩte.
14. Kĩthimo kya estrogen kĩthĩawa kĩnini: Aka ala mavikĩtye ũkũũ wa kũeka kũtheea kana ala mavetiwe ĩvu nĩmethĩawa na kĩthimo kĩnini kya estrogen, na ũu no ũtume methĩwa na ũwau wa ngoo kwĩ aka ala matavetiwe.
Nĩ ũndũ wa vata kũmanya kana o na kau maũndũ amwe matonya kũtuma mũndũ awaa ũwau ũsu, ta ũkũũ na maũndũ ala mũndũ ũsyaĩtwe namo, maitonya kũvĩndũwa, maũndũ angĩ maingĩ no maalyũke mũndũ aeka kũya ndawa na aeka kũtũmĩa ndawa sya mũthemba mũna.
Kwĩthĩwa na mĩvango mĩseo ya mwĩĩ, kũya lĩu mũseo, kwĩka masoesi ũte kũtĩĩa, kũeka kũnyw'a sikala, na kũiitwa nĩ mowau ta ũwau wa kĩthũi na sukalĩ, no kũtume ũwau wa ngoo ũoleka.
Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais: a street-intercept survey method. Int J Nurs Pract. 2010, 16 (5): 492-8.
Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Zawiah M, Elnaem MH, Mohamed Ibrahim MI: Awareness of the Risk Factors for Heart Attack Among the General Public in Pahang, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020, 13 (): 3089-3102.
Fussman C, Rafferty AP, Reeves MJ, Zackery S, Lyon-Callo S, Anderson B: Racial disparities in knowledge of stroke and heart attack risk factors and warning signs among Michigan adults. Ethn Dis. 2009, 19 (2): 128-34.
Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Fata Nahas AR: Development of questionnaire on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke among a Malaysian population. BMC Public Health. 2019, 19 (1): 1300.
Hwang SY, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Korean immigrants' knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008, 10 (1): 67-72.
Fukuoka Y, Oh YJ: Perceived Heart Attack Likelihood in Adults with a High Diabetes Risk. Heart Lung. , 52 (): 42-47.
Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais. West J Nurs Res. 2009, 31 (8): 1088-9.
['Ũtao:']
["Kĩsese kĩĩ kĩseũvĩtw'e kwondũ wa kũmanyĩsya na kũtetheesya andũ, ĩndĩ ti kũnengane motao ma ũiiti kana ũtethyo ũngĩ."]
['Ũvoo ũla wĩ vo ndwaĩle kũtũmĩwa kũĩkĩĩthya kana mũndũ e na ũwau mũna, na ala mekwenda ũtao wa ũiiti maĩle kũneena na ndakĩtalĩ.']
["Kwa ngelekany'o, ĩla mũndũ wakũlya ĩkũlyo yĩ na namba, no amanye kana mũndũ ũsu e na ũwau mũna."]
['Kĩla ĩvinda neena na ndakĩtalĩ waku kana mũndũ ũngĩ ũsomeete maũndũ ma ũiiti. Ndũkaatate kũlea kana kũkua ĩvinda ũimũkũlya ũtao aĩ nũndũ wa maũndũ amwe wasoma Kĩsesenĩ kĩĩ. Ethĩwa wĩona ta wĩ na thĩna wa mĩtũkĩ, neena na namba ya 911 kana ũthi sivitalĩ ya mĩtũkĩ ĩla yĩ vakuvĩ.']
['Ũtao:']
['The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) nĩyaĩtye kana ala me na ũthasyo wa kumĩthya syĩndũ ila syĩ Indanetinĩ nĩmaĩle kũtata ũndũ matonya nĩ kana maĩkĩĩthye kana syĩndũ ila mekumĩthya nĩsyavĩnga mĩao ya nthĩ ya Amelika.']
['Ethĩwa wĩ na mũĩkĩĩo kana ũvoo ũla wĩ kĩsesenĩ kitũ kana nthĩnĩ wa syĩndũ ila tumasya nũvĩtĩsye mĩao yaku, no ũtũtũmĩe valũa ũũtwĩĩte kana no ũtũsiĩĩe tũikamĩsome.']
["Mĩao ya DMCA yaĩtye kana no nginya ũvoo ũla ũũtũmĩa kũtũtavya kana ve kĩndũ kĩna kĩnavĩnga mĩao ya kumĩthya syĩndũ wĩthĩwe na ũvoo ũũ: (1) ũvoo ĩũlũ wa syĩndũ ila iwetetwe kana nĩsyo ivĩngĩĩsiwe nĩ mĩao ĩsu; (2) ũvoo ĩũlũ wa syĩndũ ila iwetetwe kana nĩsyo ivĩngĩĩsiwe nĩ mĩao ĩsu na ũvoo ũtonya kũtũtetheesya kũmanya vala syĩndũ isu syĩ; (3) ũndũ ũtonya kũtũtavya ũndũ ũtonya kũtũtavya ũndũ ũtonya kũũkũlya, ta vala wĩkalaa, namba yaku ya simũ, na valũa waku wa simũ; (4) ũĩkĩĩthyo ũkwonany'a kana wĩ na mũĩkĩĩo kana syĩndũ ila iwetetwe vau iyĩtĩkĩlĩtw'e nĩ ũla wĩ na ũthasyo wa kũseũvya syĩndũ, kana nĩ mũũngamĩi wasyo, kana nĩ mĩao ĩngĩ."]
["(5) ũĩkĩĩthyo kuma kwaku, ũla ũandĩkĩte ũikĩa ũkũsĩ ũte wa w'o, kana ũvoo ũla wĩ nthĩnĩ wa livoti nĩ wa w'o na kana wĩ na ũkũmũ wa kũũngamĩa maũndũ ala mawetwa nĩ ũla ũkũũmĩw'a;"]
['Na (6) saii ya mwene syĩndũ kana mũndũ ũla ũnengetwe ũkũmũ wa kwĩka maũndũ kwondũ wake.']
There are several risk factors for heart attack, including:
1. Age: The risk of heart attack increases with age, especially after the age of 45 for men and 55 for women.
2. High cholesterol levels: High levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol can increase the risk of heart attack.
3. High blood pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the arteries and increase the risk of heart attack.
4. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of heart attack due to the damage high blood sugar can cause to blood vessels.
5. Being overweight or obese: Excess weight can increase the risk of heart attack by contributing to other risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes.
6. Not exercising: Lack of physical activity can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.
7. Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attack, as it damages the blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.
8. Family history: A family history of heart disease can increase the risk of heart attack.
9. Atrial fibrillation: This is an irregular heart rhythm that can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.
10. Previous heart attack or stroke: People who have had a previous heart attack or stroke are at a higher risk of having another one.
11. Stress: Chronic stress can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.
12. Autoimmune conditions: Conditions such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can increase the risk of heart disease in women.
13. Pregnancy-related health problems: Women who develop gestational diabetes or hypertension during pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing heart disease later in life.
14. Low estrogen levels: Women who have gone through menopause or had a hysterectomy have lower levels of estrogen, which can increase their risk of heart disease compared to women who have not.
It is important to note that while some risk factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, many others can be managed through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.
Regular check-ups, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and managing chronic conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help reduce the risk of heart attack.
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