1. Ũkũrũ: Ũgwati wa kũrũara nĩ wongererekaga o ũrĩa mũndũ arakũra, makĩria thutha wa mĩaka 45 harĩ arũme na 55 harĩ atumia.
2. Cholesterol ya igũrũ: Cholesterol ya igũrũ ya LDL (mũru) na cholesterol ya thĩ ya HDL (mũega) no yongerere ũgwati wa kũrũara mũrimũ wa ngoro.
3. Kũhaica thakame: Kũhaica thakame mũno kũngĩaga kũgirĩrĩrio no gũthũkie mĩkiha ya thakame na kuongerere ũgwati wa kũrũara mũrimũ wa ngoro.
Mũrimũ wa cukari: Andũ arĩa marĩ na mũrimũ wa cukari nĩ makoragwo ũgwati-inĩ mũnene wa kũrũara mũrimũ wa ngoro nĩ ũndũ wa gũthũka kwa mĩkiha ya thakame nĩ ũndũ wa cukari ũrĩa ũrĩ thĩinĩ wa thakame.
5. Gũkorũo na ũritũ wa mwĩrĩ makĩria kana kũneneha mũno: Gũkorũo na ũritũ wa mwĩrĩ makĩria no gũtũme mũndũ anyitwo nĩ mũrimũ wa ngoro na njĩra ya gũtũma kũgĩe na maũndũ mangĩ mangĩtũma mũndũ anyitwo nĩ mũrimũ ũcio ta kũhaica thakame na mũrimũ wa cukari.
6. Kwaga gwĩka maũndũ ma kũnogora mwĩrĩ: Kwaga gwĩka maũndũ ma kũnogora mwĩrĩ no gũtũme mũndũ agĩe na mũrimũ wa ngoro na kuongerere ũgwati wa gũkua nĩ ũndũ wa kũhũta.
7. Kũnyua thigara: Kũnyua thigara nĩ ũndũ ũmwe mũnene ũtũmaga mũndũ anyitwo nĩ mũrimũ wa ngoro, tondũ nĩ gũthũkia gũthũkagia mĩkiha ya thakame na gũgatũma thakame ĩingĩhe.
8. Andũ a famĩlĩ arĩa marĩ na mũrimũ wa ngoro: Andũ a famĩlĩ arĩa marĩ na mũrimũ wa ngoro no makorũo ũgwati-inĩ wa kũnyitwo nĩ mũrimũ wa ngoro.
9. Kũhũyũka kwa mahũri: Thĩna ũcio nĩ wa ngoro kũhĩngĩca na nĩ ũingĩhaga ũgwati wa gũkua nĩ ngoro na gũkua mũtwe.
10. Kũhũrũo nĩ ngoro kana gũkua ciĩga: Andũ arĩa manahũrũo nĩ ngoro kana magũrũ rĩngĩ, nĩ ũhũthũ makorũo namo rĩngĩ.
Mĩtangĩko: Mĩtangĩko ya ihinda iraya no ĩtũme mũndũ agĩe na mũrimũ wa ngoro na yongerere ũgwati wa gũkua nĩ ũndũ wa kũhũrwo nĩ ngoro.
12. Mĩrimũ ya mwĩrĩ: Mĩrimũ ta lupus na mũrimũ wa marũngo no yongerere ũgwati wa atumia kũrũara mũrimũ wa ngoro.
13. Mathĩna ma mwĩrĩ megiĩ kũgĩa nda: Atumia arĩa magĩaga na mũrimũ wa cukari kana mũrimũ wa kũhaica thakame hĩndĩ ya kũgĩa nda, no makorũo na ũgwati mũnene wa kũgĩa na mũrimũ wa ngoro thutha-inĩ.
14. Oestrojeni kũnyiha: Atumia arĩa matigĩte kũgĩa na ihinda rĩa gũtiga kũgĩa na ciana kana arĩa mahũthĩrĩte njĩra ya kũruta nda nĩ manyihĩirũo nĩ estrogen, ũndũ ũrĩa ũngĩtũma makorũo ũgwati-inĩ wa kũrũara mũrimũ wa ngoro gũkĩra atumia arĩa matarĩ mahũthĩrĩte njĩra ĩyo.
Nĩ ũndũ wa bata kũmenya atĩ o na gũtuĩka maũndũ mamwe marĩa marehaga ũgwati ta ũkũrũ na mũrimũ thĩinĩ wa famĩlĩ matingĩcenjia, mangĩ maingĩ no macenjio kũgerera mogarũrũku mũtũũrĩre-inĩ na ũrigitani.
Kwĩmenyerera ũgima wa mwĩrĩ, kũrĩa irio njega, gwĩkaga maũndũ ma kũnogora mwĩrĩ, gũtiga thigara, na kũhiũrania na mũrimũ wa kũhiũha gũkua ta mũrimũ wa cukari na kũhaica thakame, no gũgũteithie kũgirĩrĩria mũrimũ wa ngoro.
Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais: a street-intercept survey method. Int J Nurs Pract. 2010, 16 (5): 492-8.
Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Zawiah M, Elnaem MH, Mohamed Ibrahim MI: Awareness of the Risk Factors for Heart Attack Among the General Public in Pahang, Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020, 13 (): 3089-3102.
Fussman C, Rafferty AP, Reeves MJ, Zackery S, Lyon-Callo S, Anderson B: Racial disparities in knowledge of stroke and heart attack risk factors and warning signs among Michigan adults. Ethn Dis. 2009, 19 (2): 128-34.
Ahmed AAA, Al-Shami AM, Jamshed S, Fata Nahas AR: Development of questionnaire on awareness and action towards symptoms and risk factors of heart attack and stroke among a Malaysian population. BMC Public Health. 2019, 19 (1): 1300.
Hwang SY, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Korean immigrants' knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors. J Immigr Minor Health. 2008, 10 (1): 67-72.
Fukuoka Y, Oh YJ: Perceived Heart Attack Likelihood in Adults with a High Diabetes Risk. Heart Lung. , 52 (): 42-47.
Poomsrikaew O, Ryan CJ, Zerwic JJ: Knowledge of heart attack symptoms and risk factors among native Thais. West J Nurs Res. 2009, 31 (8): 1088-9.
['Ũkaana: thibitarĩ']
['Website ĩno ĩkoragwo ĩrĩ ya kũrutana na kũheana ũhoro tu na ti ya kũheana ũtaaro wa ũrigitani kana ũtungata wa kĩĩmwĩrĩ.']
['Ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ thĩinĩ wa broshua ĩyo ndwagĩrĩirũo kũhũthĩrũo gũthima kana kũrigita mũrimũ mũna, na arĩa marenda ũtaaro wa ũrigitani magĩrĩirũo gũcaria ũteithio wa ndagĩtarĩ.']
['No wone atĩ netiwaki ya neuron ĩrĩa ĩheanaga macokio ma ciũria icio, ndĩkoragwo na ũkinyanĩru mũno ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ namba. Kwa ngerekano, mũigana wa andũ arĩa magwatĩtio mũrimũ mũna.']
['Hingo ciothe caria ũtaaro wa ndagĩtarĩ kana mũndũ ũngĩ wagĩrĩire ũgima-inĩ waku wa mwĩrĩ igũrũ rĩgiĩ mũrimũ. Ndũkaanahũthie ũtaaro wa ndagĩtarĩ kana ũcererũo kũũcaria nĩ ũndũ wa ũndũ ũthomete thĩinĩ wa website ĩno. Ũngĩkorũo ũrona ta wacemania na ũndũ mũhiũ, hũra thimũ 911 kana ũthiĩ thibitarĩ ya hakuhĩ na harĩa ũrĩ. Gũtirĩ ũrata wa ndagĩtarĩ na mũrwaru wonekaga nĩ ũndũ wa website ĩno kana kũhũthĩrũo kwayo. BioMedLib kana aruti ayo a wĩra, kana mũndũ ũngĩ wothe ũrutĩte wĩra thĩinĩ wa website ĩno, ndarĩ na ũira, wa ĩmwe kwa ĩmwe kana wa ĩmwe kwa ĩmwe, wĩgiĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũheanĩtwo ho kana ũrĩa ũhũthĩrĩtwo.']
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['Watho wa Digital Millennium Copyright Act wa 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (the DMCA) ũheanaga ũhoti wa ene a ihoto cia wandĩki arĩa metĩkĩtie atĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũroneka intanetiinĩ nĩ ũtharĩtie ihooto ciao kũringana na watho wa U.S. wa ihoto cia wandĩki.']
['Ũngĩkorũo na wĩtĩkio atĩ ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩna gĩtahingũrĩtwo ũhoro-inĩ wĩgiĩ website kana ũtungata witũ nĩ gĩgũthũkia ihooto ciaku, wee (kana mũndũ ũrĩa ũgũgũthondekera) no ũtũtũmĩre notithi ũkĩũria ũhoro kana kĩndũ kĩu kĩeherio, kana ũrigĩrĩrio ndũgacihũthĩre.']
["Marũa macio magĩrĩire gũtũmwo na njĩra ya kwandĩkwo na e-mail (rora ũhoro wa andirethi gĩcunjĩinĩ kĩa 'Maũndũ ma kwaranĩria')."]
['DMCA ĩbataraga atĩ notithi yaku ya kuuna ihooto cia wandĩki ĩkorwo na ũhoro ũyũ: (1) ũtaarĩria wa wĩra ũrĩa ũrĩ na ihooto cia wandĩki ũrĩa ũrarumwo; (2) ũtaarĩria wa ũhoro ũrĩa ũrarumwo na ũhoro mũiganu wa gũtũhotithia kũmenya kũrĩa ũhoro ũcio ũrĩ; (3) ũhoro waku wa kwaranĩria, hamwe na andirethi, namba ya thimũ na andirethi ya e-mail; (4) ndũmĩrĩri yaku atĩ wĩ na wĩtĩkio mwega atĩ ũhoro ũcio ũramenererio ndũrĩ na rũtha rwa mwene wa watho, kana mũrũgamĩrĩri, kana rwa watho o wothe; ']
['(5) nĩ mwandĩkanĩire, na nĩ mũkũheo mũkaana wa kũheenania, atĩ ũhoro ũrĩa ũrĩ kĩmenyithiainĩ kĩu nĩ wa ma na atĩ mũrĩ na ũhoti wa kũhingia ihooto iria mũreganĩte nacio;']
['na (6) kĩrore kĩa mwene kĩhoto kana kĩa mũndũ wĩtĩkĩritio gwĩtongoria handũ ha mwene kĩhoto.']
['Kwaga kwandĩka ũhoro ũcio wothe no gũtũme gũtangĩka gwaku kũhĩtũke.']
['Ũhoro wa Kwaranĩria']
['Tũma ndũmĩrĩri ya kũbucia kũgerera thimũ kana thimũ ya mohoro.']
What are the risk factors for heart attack?
There are several risk factors for heart attack, including:
1. Age: The risk of heart attack increases with age, especially after the age of 45 for men and 55 for women.
2. High cholesterol levels: High levels of LDL (bad) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (good) cholesterol can increase the risk of heart attack.
3. High blood pressure: Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the arteries and increase the risk of heart attack.
4. Diabetes: People with diabetes are at a higher risk of heart attack due to the damage high blood sugar can cause to blood vessels.
5. Being overweight or obese: Excess weight can increase the risk of heart attack by contributing to other risk factors such as high blood pressure and diabetes.
6. Not exercising: Lack of physical activity can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.
7. Smoking: Smoking is a major risk factor for heart attack, as it damages the blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.
8. Family history: A family history of heart disease can increase the risk of heart attack.
9. Atrial fibrillation: This is an irregular heart rhythm that can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke.
10. Previous heart attack or stroke: People who have had a previous heart attack or stroke are at a higher risk of having another one.
11. Stress: Chronic stress can contribute to the development of heart disease and increase the risk of heart attack.
12. Autoimmune conditions: Conditions such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis can increase the risk of heart disease in women.
13. Pregnancy-related health problems: Women who develop gestational diabetes or hypertension during pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing heart disease later in life.
14. Low estrogen levels: Women who have gone through menopause or had a hysterectomy have lower levels of estrogen, which can increase their risk of heart disease compared to women who have not.
It is important to note that while some risk factors, such as age and family history, cannot be changed, many others can be managed through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.
Regular check-ups, maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, quitting smoking, and managing chronic conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes can help reduce the risk of heart attack.
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