Prostate cancer chu a hnuaia mi ang hian test leh inenkawlna chi hrang hrang hmanga hmuh chhuah a ni:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): Doctor chuan prostate chu a pên dân a danglamna a awm leh awm loh hriat nân a pênna lamah kutkawr vuah, hriak hnawihna hmanga kutzungṭang a dah lût a.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Hei hi thisen test a ni a, prostate gland siam chhuah protein pakhat PSA a tehna a ni.
PSA level sâng chuan prostate cancer a awm tih a târ lang thei a.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): Sound wave hmangin prostate lem siam nân probe tê tak tê chu rectum-ah an thun lût a.
Chu chuan prostate gland-a thil danglamna awmte hriat chhuah a ṭanpui thei a ni.
4. Biopsy: Prostate thau tê tak tê chu lâk chhuah a ni a, cancer cells a awm leh awm loh microscope hmanga enfiah a ni.
Hei hi prostate cancer hmuh chhuahna kawng awm chhun a ni.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI scan hmangin prostate chu a pângngai lo a nih chuan hmuh chhuah theih a ni a, chu chuan biopsy tih dân tûr a kaihruai thei a ni.
6. Genome Enchhinna: Doctor ṭhenkhat chuan cancer natna a nasat dân tûr leh enkawl dân tûr chungchânga thu tlûkna siam nân genome enchhinna an hmang thei a.
7. Bone Scan: Cancer chu ruh lamah a darh tawh leh tawh loh hriat nân bone scan tih a ni thei.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Cancer chu taksa pêng dang emaw, taksa pêng dang emawa a darh leh darh loh hriat nân CT scan chu hman a ni thei a.
PSA level sâng emaw, DRE result danglam emaw neite chuan prostate cancer an nei vek lo va, prostate cancer zawng zawng hian PSA level sâng a thlen vek hek lo tih hriat a pawimawh hle.
Chuvângin, a natna hriat chian nân biopsy neih a ngai a ni.
Chu bâkah, biopsy neih tûr thu tlûkna chu hêng endikna aṭanga hmuh chhuahte leh mi mal dinhmun leh duhzâwngte ngaihtuah hnuah siam a ni.
Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.
Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.
Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.
Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.
McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.
An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn2+ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.
[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.
Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.
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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?
Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.
2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.
Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.
3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.
This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.
4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.
This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.
6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.
7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.
8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.
It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.
Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.
Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.
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