Kanker paru-paru didiagnosis malalui kombinasi tes jo prosedur, nan dapek tamasuak:
1. Sijarah medis jo pambicaroan fisik: Dokter akan batanyo tantang gejala, sijarah paminum rokok, jo sijarah kaluarga kanker paruik.
Inyo juo akan malakukan pamantauan fisik untuak mancaliak adonyo tando-tando panyakik.
2. Tes imaging: Sinar-X dada jo tomografi komputer (CT) biasonyo digunokan untuak mambuek gambar paruik jo struktur sakitarnyo.
Tes iko dapek mambantu manamuan kelainan, sarupo tumor atau nodul, nan dapek manandoi adonyo kanker paru-paru.
3. Sitologi dahak: Sabuah sampel dahak (lintah nan dibuang dari paruik) dicek jo mikroskop untuak mancari sel kanker.
4. Biopsi: Sabuah sampel jaringan paru-paru diambiak jo dicaliak jo mikroskop untuak manantuan adonyo sel kanker.
Hal iko dapek dilakukan malalui bronkoskopi, biopsi jarum, atau biopsi bedah.
5. Bronkoskopi: Tabung tipih jo lampu nan mamakai kamera dimasuakan malalui hidung atau muluik jo turun ka dalam paruik untuak mamareso saluran napas jo paruik.
Prosedur iko dapek juo digunokan untuak mangumpuaan sampel jaringan untuak biopsi.
6. Aspirasi jarum halus (FNA): Jarum tipis dimasuakan ka dalam nodul atau massa paru untuak mangumpuaan sampel sel untuak dipareso.
7. Thoracentesis: Cairan diambiak dari ruang antaro paruik jo dinding dada jo jarum, dan cairan tu di uji untuak mancaliak ado sel kanker.
8. Tes darah: Walaupun tes darah sajo indak dapek manandoi kanker paru-paru, tes darah dapek mambantu manantuan kasihatan umum pasien jo manantuan adonyo kelainan nan dapek manandoi adonyo kanker.
9. Bone scan, MRI, PET scan, jo tes lainnyo: Tes iko dapek digunokan untuak manantuan apokoh kanker alah manyebar ka bagian tubuah lainnyo.
Satalah kanker paruik didiagnosis, tes tambahan dapek dilakukan untuak manantuan tahap kanker, nan mambantu mangarajoan kaputusan pangobatan.
Tes iko dapek tamasuak tes imaging, sarupo CT scan utak, scan tulang, atau positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
Zhou P, Lu F, Wang J, Wang K, Liu B, Li N, Tang B: A portable point-of-care testing system to diagnose lung cancer through the detection of exosomal miRNA in urine and saliva. Chem Commun (Camb). 2020, 56 (63): 8968-8971.
Ni J, Guo Z, Zhang L: [The diagnostic significance of single or combination lung cancer-related serum biomarkers in high risk lung cancer patients]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2016, 55 (1): 25-30.
Nishiyama N, Nakatani S, Iwasa R, Taguchi S, Inoue K, Kinoshita H: [Differential diagnosis between peripheral lung cancer invading the chest wall and chest-wall tumors]. Kyobu Geka. 1997, 50 (10): 893-7.
Kang C, Wang D, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang F, Chen J: Construction and Validation of a Lung Cancer Diagnostic Model Based on 6-Gene Methylation Frequency in Blood, Clinical Features, and Serum Tumor Markers. Comput Math Methods Med. 2021, 2021 (): 9987067.
Heydari F, Rafsanjani MK: A Review on Lung Cancer Diagnosis Using Data Mining Algorithms. Curr Med Imaging. 2021, 17 (1): 16-26.
Li L, Feng T, Zhang W, Gao S, Wang R, Lv W, Zhu T, Yu H, Qian B: MicroRNA Biomarker hsa-miR-195-5p for Detecting the Risk of Lung Cancer. Int J Genomics. 2020, 2020 (): 7415909.
Li B, Yuan Q, Zou YT, Su T, Lin Q, Zhang YQ, Shi WQ, Liang RB, Ge QM, Li QY, Shao Y: CA-125, CA-153, and CYFRA21-1 as clinical indicators in male lung cancer with ocular metastasis. J Cancer. 2020, 11 (10): 2730-2736.
Magee ND, Villaumie JS, Marple ET, Ennis M, Elborn JS, McGarvey JJ: Ex vivo diagnosis of lung cancer using a Raman miniprobe. J Phys Chem B. 2009, 113 (23): 8137-41.
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How is lung cancer diagnosed?
Lung cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Medical history and physical examination: The doctor will ask about your symptoms, smoking history, and family history of lung cancer.
They will also perform a physical examination to check for any signs of the disease.
2. Imaging tests: Chest X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans are commonly used to create detailed images of the lungs and surrounding structures.
These tests can help detect abnormalities, such as tumors or nodules, that may indicate the presence of lung cancer.
3. Sputum cytology: A sample of your sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs) is examined under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
4. Biopsy: A sample of lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
This can be done through a bronchoscopy, needle biopsy, or surgical biopsy.
5. Bronchoscopy: A thin, lighted tube with a camera is inserted through the nose or mouth and down the throat to examine the airways and lungs.
This procedure can also be used to collect tissue samples for biopsy.
6. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA): A thin needle is inserted into the lung nodule or mass to collect a sample of cells for examination.
7. Thoracentesis: Fluid is removed from the space between the lungs and chest wall using a needle, and the fluid is then examined for cancer cells.
8. Blood tests: While blood tests alone cannot diagnose lung cancer, they can help determine the overall health of the patient and identify any abnormalities that may indicate the presence of cancer.
9. Bone scan, mri, pet scan, and other tests: These tests may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once lung cancer is diagnosed, additional tests may be performed to determine the stage of the cancer, which helps guide treatment decisions.
These tests may include more imaging tests, such as a CT scan of the brain, bone scan, or positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
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