Patofiziologija srčnega napada, znana tudi kot miokardni infarkt, vključuje motnjo pretoka krvi v del srčne mišice, kar vodi do smrti srčnih celic.
To se običajno pojavi zaradi obstrukcije koronarne arterije zaradi krvnega strdka, ki je pogosto posledica ateroskleroze, stanja, v katerem se v arterijah kopiči plošča.
Plak je sestavljen iz holesterola, maščobnih snovi, celičnih odpadkov, kalcija in fibrina.
Ko se plošča raztrga, se lahko tvori krvni strdek, ki lahko blokira arterijo in prepreči, da bi krv, bogata z kisikom, dosegla srčno mišico.
Ta pomanjkanje kisika povzroči, da srčne mišične celice umrejo, kar vodi do srčnega napada.
Obseg poškodbe je odvisen od velikosti območja, ki ga oskrbuje blokirana arterija, in časa med napadom in zdravljenjem.
Simptomi srčnega napada lahko vključujejo bolečine ali nelagodje v prsih, težko dihanje, slabost, omotičnost in bolečine v rokah, vratu, čeljusti ali hrbtu.
Zdravljenje srčnega infarkta običajno vključuje čim hitrejšo obnovo pretoka krvi v srčno mišico, bodisi z zdravili bodisi s postopki, kot so angioplastika in stentiranje ali bypass operacija koronarne arterije.
Pomembno je omeniti, da je patofiziologija srčnega napada zapletena in vključuje več dejavnikov, vključno z genetičnimi, življenjskim slogom in dejavniki okolja.
Med dejavniki tveganja za srčni napad spadajo visok krvni tlak, visok holesterol, kajenje, sladkorna bolezen, debelost, pomanjkanje telesne aktivnosti in družinska zgodovina srčnih bolezni.
Upravljanje s temi dejavniki tveganja lahko pomaga zmanjšati verjetnost srčnega infarkta.
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Liu Chung Ming C, Sesperez K, Ben-Sefer E, Arpon D, McGrath K, McClements L, Gentile C: Considerations to Model Heart Disease in Women with Preeclampsia and Cardiovascular Disease. Cells. 2021, 10 (4): .
Hansen J, Victor RG: Direct measurement of sympathetic activity: new insights into disordered blood pressure regulation in chronic renal failure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 1994, 3 (6): 636-43.
LaMacchia JC, Roth MB: Aquaporins-2 and -4 regulate glycogen metabolism and survival during hyposmotic-anoxic stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2015, 309 (2): C92-6.
Tham YK, Bernardo BC, Ooi JY, Weeks KL, McMullen JR: Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Arch Toxicol. 2015, 89 (9): 1401-38.
Lonn E: The clinical relevance of pharmacological blood pressure lowering mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2004, 20 Suppl B (): 83B-88B.
Opozorilo: medicinsko
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What is pathophysiology of heart attack?
The pathophysiology of a heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction, involves the disruption of blood flow to a part of the heart muscle, leading to the death of heart cells.
This typically occurs due to the obstruction of a coronary artery by a blood clot, which is often the result of atherosclerosis, a condition where plaque builds up in the arteries.
The plaque is made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium, and fibrin.
When a plaque ruptures, it can cause a blood clot to form, which can block the artery and prevent oxygen-rich blood from reaching the heart muscle.
This lack of oxygen causes the heart muscle cells to die, leading to a heart attack.
The extent of the damage depends on the size of the area supplied by the blocked artery and the time between the attack and treatment.
Symptoms of a heart attack can include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and pain in the arms, neck, jaw, or back.
Treatment for a heart attack usually involves restoring blood flow to the heart muscle as quickly as possible, either through medication or procedures such as angioplasty and stenting or coronary artery bypass surgery.
It is important to note that the pathophysiology of a heart attack is complex and involves multiple factors, including genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
Risk factors for heart attack include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, lack of physical activity, and a family history of heart disease.
Managing these risk factors can help reduce the likelihood of experiencing a heart attack.
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