How is Prostate cancer diagnosed?

Comente si faghet a ischire chi unu tenet su tumore a sa prostata?

Su tumore a sa prostata est diagnosticadu cun una cumbinatzione de proas e protzeduras, chi podent inclùdere:

1. Esàmine rettale digitale (DRE): unu dutore inserit unu pòddighe gantzadu e lubrificadu in su rettu pro sentire sa prostata pro cale si siat anormalidade.

2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: Custu est unu testu de sàmbene chi medit su livellu de PSA, una proteina produida dae sa ghiandula prostàtica.

Sos livellos artos de PSA podent inditare sa presèntzia de tumore a sa prostata.

3. Ecografia transrettale (TRUS): una sonda minore est insertada in su rettu pro creare un'immàgine de sa prostata impreende undas sonoras.

Custu podet agiudare a identificare calesisiat abnormalidade in sa ghiandula prostàtica.

4. Biopsia: S'est pigadu unu campione minore de tessidu de sa prostata e s'est esaminadu a suta de su microscòpiu pro s'esistèntzia de tzèllulas tumorales.

Custa est s"ùnica manera pro diagnosticare su tumore a sa prostata.

5. Iscansione a risonàntzia magnètica (MRI): Una iscansione MRI de sa prostata podet agiudare a identificare calesisiat anomalia e ghiare sa protzedura de sa biopsia.

6. Anàlisi genòmica: Carchi dutore podet impreare anàlisis genòmicas pro agiudare a determinare s'agressividade de su tumore e ghiare sas detzisiones de tratamentu.

7. Iscansione de sos ossos: si podet fàghere un'iscansione de sos ossos pro controllare si su tumore s'est ispartu a sos ossos.

8. Tomografia computerizada (TC): una TAC podet èssere impreada pro controllare si su tumore s'est ispartu a àteros òrganos o tessidos.

Est de importu a tènnere in contu chi non totu sos òmines cun livellos de PSA artziados o resurtados anormales de sa DRE ant a tènnere su tumore a sa prostata, e non totu sos tumores a sa prostata ant a causare livellos de PSA artziados.

Duncas, est netzessària una biopsia pro cunfirmare sa diagnosi.

In prus, sa detzisione de si fàghere una biopsia est fata a pustis de cunsiderare sos resurtados de custas proas e sos fatores de arriscu e sas preferèntzias de sa persone.

['Referèntzias']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Saldova R, Fan Y, Fitzpatrick JM, Watson RW, Rudd PM: Core fucosylation and alpha2-3 sialylation in serum N-glycome is significantly increased in prostate cancer comparing to benign prostate hyperplasia. Glycobiology. 2011, 21 (2): 195-205.

Marenco J, Kasivisvanathan V, Emberton M: New standards in prostate biopsy. Arch Esp Urol. 2019, 72 (2): 142-149.

Moradi M, Mousavi P, Abolmaesumi P: Computer-aided diagnosis of prostate cancer with emphasis on ultrasound-based approaches: a review. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33 (7): 1010-28.

Cuperlovic-Culf M, Belacel N, Davey M, Ouellette RJ: Multi-gene biomarker panel for reference free prostate cancer diagnosis: determination and independent validation. Biomarkers. 2010, 15 (8): 693-706.

McGrath SE, Michael A, Morgan R, Pandha H: EN2: a novel prostate cancer biomarker. Biomark Med. 2013, 7 (6): 893-901.

An Y, Chang W, Wang W, Wu H, Pu K, Wu A, Qin Z, Tao Y, Yue Z, Wang P, Wang Z: A novel tetrapeptide fluorescence sensor for early diagnosis of prostate cancer based on imaging Zn²⁺ in healthy versus cancerous cells. J Adv Res. 2020, 24 (): 363-370.

[Consensus of Chinese experts on the application of molecular imaging targeting prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer patients]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2018, 56 (2): 91-94.

Zhong WD, He HC, Bi XC, Ou RB, Jiang SA, Liu LS: cDNA macroarray for analysis of gene expression profiles in prostate cancer. Chin Med J (Engl). 2006, 119 (7): 570-3.

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How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

Prostate cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:

1. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A doctor inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel the prostate for any abnormalities.

2. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test: This is a blood test that measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by the prostate gland.

Elevated PSA levels may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.

3. Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS): A small probe is inserted into the rectum to create an image of the prostate using sound waves.

This can help identify any abnormalities in the prostate gland.

4. Biopsy: A small sample of prostate tissue is removed and examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells.

This is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.

5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): An MRI scan of the prostate can help identify any abnormalities and guide the biopsy procedure.

6. Genomic Testing: Some doctors may use genomic tests to help determine the aggressiveness of the cancer and guide treatment decisions.

7. Bone Scan: A bone scan may be performed to check if the cancer has spread to the bones.

8. Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: A CT scan may be used to check if the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues.

It is important to note that not all men with elevated PSA levels or abnormal DRE results will have prostate cancer, and not all prostate cancers will cause elevated PSA levels.

Therefore, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Additionally, the decision to undergo a biopsy is made after considering the results of these tests and the individual's risk factors and preferences.

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