Pathophysiology ya khensa ya vele yi vula ku cinca loku nga tolovelekangiki eka fambiselo ra miri leri vaka kona loko khensa ya vele yi sungula ni ku nyanya.
Byi katsa ku dyondza hi ndlela leyi tisele ta khensa ti kulaka ha yona ni ku hangalaka ka tona eka tisele ta mavele.
Leswi swi katsa swilo swa xitekela, swa le mirini ni swa mbango leswi hoxaka xandla eka ku sungula, ku andza ni ku nyanya ka khensa ya vele.
Ku cinca kun'wana ka nkoka ka miri wa munhu loko a ri ni khensa ya vele ku katsa:
1. Ku cinca ka swiaki swa xitekela: Ku cinca ka swiaki swa xitekela swo tanihi BRCA1 na BRCA2, swi nga ha endla leswaku munhu a khomiwa hi khensa ya vele.
Ku cinca loku ka tisele ku nga ha va ku tswariwa kumbe ku va kona loko munhu a ha hanya.
2. Ku nga ringani ka tihomoni: Tihomoni, ngopfu-ngopfu ti-estrogen, ti nga hoxa xandla eku endleni leswaku khensa ya vele yi sungula ni ku andza.
Ku nga ringani ka tihomoni kumbe ku va ni tihomoni to tala ngopfu swi nga ha engetela khombo ro khomiwa hi khensa ya vele.
3. Ku pfimba: Ku pfimba loku nga tshungulekiki ka tisele ta vele ku nga vanga khensa ya vele hi ku endla leswaku tisele ta khensa ti kula ni ku hanya.
4. Ndhawu leyi tshumba ri nga eka yona: Ndhawu leyi tshumba ri nga eka yona, ku katsa ni tisele leti nga endzeni ka tisele, tisele leti sirhelelaka miri ni misiha ya ngati, yi nga ha hoxa xandla eka ku kula ni ku hangalaka ka khensa ya vele.
5. Ku hangalaka ka vuvabyi: Khensa ya vele yi nga hangalaka yi ya eka swirho swin'wana swa miri hi ku tirhisa fambiselo ra tisele ta ngati kumbe ngati, leswi vangaka ku vumbeka ka swilondza swin'wana eka swirho swa le kule.
Ku twisisa ndlela leyi khensa ya vele yi vangaka mavabyi ha yona i swa nkoka leswaku munhu a kota ku yi sivela, ku yi vona ka ha ri emahlweni ni ku yi tshungula.
Underwood SM: Breast cancer in African American women: nursing essentials. ABNF J. , 17 (1): 3-14.
Paliwal SR, Paliwal R, Agrawal GP, Vyas SP: Liposomal nanomedicine for breast cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2011, 6 (6): 1085-100.
Rauch GM, Adrada BE: Comparison of Breast MR Imaging with Molecular Breast Imaging in Breast Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, Staging, and Treatment Response Evaluation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2018, 26 (2): 273-280.
Wei H, Wang H, Ji Q, Sun J, Tao L, Zhou X: NRBP1 is downregulated in breast cancer and NRBP1 overexpression inhibits cancer cell proliferation through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Onco Targets Ther. 2015, 8 (): 3721-30.
Eden JA: Human breast cancer stem cells and sex hormones--a narrative review. Menopause. 2010, 17 (4): 801-10.
Schneider BP, Winer EP, Foulkes WD, Garber J, Perou CM, Richardson A, Sledge GW, Carey LA: Triple-negative breast cancer: risk factors to potential targets. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14 (24): 8010-8.
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['Ku ala ku byarha vutihlamuleri: mfanelo yo tsala']
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['Loko u tshemba leswaku rungula kumbe swilo leswi kumekaka eka website ya hina kumbe eka mintirho ya hina swi tlula mfanelo ya wena yo endla swilo, wena (kumbe muyimeri wa wena) u nga hi rhumela xitiviso u kombela leswaku rungula kumbe swilo leswi swi susiwa kumbe swi siveriwa.']
['Switiviso swi fanele ku rhumeriwa hi ku tsala hi imeyili (languta eka xiyenge xa "Vuxaka" eka adirese ya imeyili).']
["DMCA yi lava leswaku xitiviso xa wena xa ku tlula nawu wa mfanelo ya ku tsala xi katsa mahungu lawa landzelaka: (1) nhlamuselo ya ntirho lowu nga na mfanelo ya ku tsala lowu ku vuriwaka leswaku wu tluriwile; (2) nhlamuselo ya leswi ku vuriwaka leswaku swi tlula nawu wa ku tsala ni mahungu lama ringaneke ku hi pfumelela ku kuma leswi nga endzeni; (3) mahungu ya ku tihlanganisa na wena, ku katsa ni adirese ya wena, nomboro ya riqingho na adirese ya imeyili; (4) xitiviso xa wena xa leswaku u ni ripfumelo ra leswaku leswi nga endzeni hi ndlela leyi ku vilelaka ha yona a swi pfumeleriwanga hi n'wini wa mfanelo ya ku tsala, kumbe muyimeri wa yena, kumbe hi ku tirha ka nawu wihi na wihi; "]
['(5) xitiyisiso xa wena, lexi sayiniweke ehansi ka nxupulo wa ku hemba, xa leswaku mahungu lama nga eka xitiviso i ntiyiso ni leswaku u na matimba yo tirhisa timfanelo ta vuqambi leti ku vuriwaka leswaku ti tluriwile;']
["na (6) ku sayina ka xiviri kumbe ka elektroniki ka n'wini wa mfanelo ya vuqambi kumbe munhu la pfumeleriweke ku endla hi vito ra n'wini wa mfanelo ya vuqambi. "]
['Loko u nga nghenisi vuxokoxoko hinkwabyo lebyi nga laha henhla swi nga endla leswaku ku tirhana ni xivilelo xa wena swi hlwela.']
['Ku Tihlanganisa']
['Hi kombela u hi rhumela imeyili hi xivutiso/xiringanyeto xihi na xihi.']
What is pathophysiology of breast cancer?
Pathophysiology of breast cancer refers to the abnormal changes in the normal physiological processes and mechanisms that occur in the development and progression of breast cancer.
It involves the study of the underlying biological and molecular mechanisms that lead to the uncontrolled growth and spread of cancer cells in the breast tissue.
This includes the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that contribute to the initiation, promotion, and progression of breast cancer.
Some of the key pathophysiological changes in breast cancer include:
1. Genetic mutations: Mutations in certain genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, can increase the risk of developing breast cancer.
These mutations can be inherited or acquired during a person's lifetime.
2. Hormonal imbalances: Hormones, particularly estrogen, can play a role in the development and growth of breast cancer.
An imbalance in hormone levels or exposure to excess estrogen can increase the risk of breast cancer.
3. Inflammation: Chronic inflammation in the breast tissue can contribute to the development of breast cancer by promoting the growth and survival of cancer cells.
4. Tumor microenvironment: The environment surrounding the tumor, including the extracellular matrix, immune cells, and blood vessels, can influence the growth and spread of breast cancer.
5. Metastasis: Breast cancer can spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream, leading to the formation of secondary tumors in distant organs.
Understanding the pathophysiology of breast cancer is crucial for developing effective prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies.
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