What is pathophysiology of Diabetes?

['ⵙⵎⴷ ⵜⴰⵖⴹⴼⵜ ⴰⴷ']

ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵣⵉⴽⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵜⵀⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏ?

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⴼⵙⵉ ⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴹⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵓⴹⵉⵏ.

ⴰⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴷⵉⴱⵉⵜ ⵙⵉⵍⵉⵜⵓⵙ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵔ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴰⵇⵕⵓ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ (ⴳⵍⵓⴽⵓⵙ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⴽⴽⴰⵏ ⵜⴰⵢⴰⴼⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵣⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵜⵉⴳⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵉⵏ, ⵏⵖ ⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⵎⴰⵍⴰ ⵓⴼⵍⴰⵢ ⴰⴱⴰⵜⵓⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴱⵉⵟⴰⵕ ⵙ ⵓⵎⵔⴰⵔⴰ ⵉⵔⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⴳⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵊⵉⵏⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵏⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⵎⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ.

ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ 1, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⴼⵙⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵉⵜⴰ ⴳ ⴰⴱⴰⵏⴽⵔⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴰⵔⵙⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵓⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⴳⵉⵍⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵓⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵙ ⵓⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵓⴷⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴳⵍⵓⵣ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⴰⵟⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ (ⴰⵣⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⵢⴰⵜⵜⵓⵢⵏ).

ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⵡⵉⵙ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴱⴰⵢⵢⵓⵕ, ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵜⵓⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⴷⴷⵉⵙⵜ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵎⵓⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵓⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵍⵉⵏⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⴽⵓⴷ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵖⵔⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⴽⴽⴰ ⵙ ⵍⵉⵏⵙⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵉⵄⴷⵍⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵓⵔ ⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵍⵓⵊⵓⵙ ⵙ ⵜⵣⵎⵔⵜ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⴷⵊⴰ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴱⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⵓⴱⴰⵏⴽⵔⵉⵢⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴹⴼⵓⵕ ⵜⵓⵜⵜⵔⴰ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴷⵔⵓⵙⵉ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵉⵍⵉⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴱⵉⵟⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵔⵖⵉ, ⵙ ⵜⵎⵏⵜⵉⵍⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍ ⵉⵀⵓⵔⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵣⴱⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵓⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵎⵟⵟⵓⴹⵜ ⵉⵀⵓⵔⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴱⴷⴷⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵏⵙⵍⵉⵏ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵖⵢⵓⵍ ⴳ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ.

ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⵙⵏ ⵜⴼⵉⵣⵉⵢⵓⵍⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⴰⵜⵓⵊⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵚⵚⴱⵉⵟⴰⵕ ⴰⵡⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵉⵏ, ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵃⴰⴳⵍⵓⵜⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵢⴰⵡⵢ ⵙ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔⵏ ⵣⵓⵏⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ, ⴰⵖⵉⵍⵓⴼ, ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵊⵊⵉⵜⵏ, ⴷ ⵓⵅⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉ.

ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵔⵎⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵏⴼⵍⴰⵃⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵙⵉⴷⴰ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⵓⵖⵍⵓ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⵉⴷⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵏⵉⵜ.

['ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ']

PubMed/Medline https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/pubmed_medline.html

RefinedWeb https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01116

Biochemistry and pathophysiology of diabetes. Proceedings of conference on pathophysiology and treatment of diabetes mellitus. 1990. Mol Cell Biochem. 1992, 109 (2): 97-204.

Surampudi PN, John-Kalarickal J, Fonseca VA: Emerging concepts in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mt Sinai J Med. 2009, 76 (3): 216-26.

Johnson D: Selected pathophysiology of diabetes. Semin Perioper Nurs. 1998, 7 (3): 164-78.

Hirsch IB: The changing faces of diabetes. Prim Care. 2003, 30 (3): 499-510.

Guthrie RA, Guthrie DW: Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Crit Care Nurs Q. , 27 (2): 113-25.

Palicka V: Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus. EJIFCC. 2002, 13 (5): 140-144.

Felig P: Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus. Med Clin North Am. 1971, 55 (4): 821-34.

['ⴰⵙⴱⴷⵉⴷ: ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ']

['ⴰⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ, ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵡⵙⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵎⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉ ⴰⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵓⵔⵣⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵓⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵣⵣⵓⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ.']

['ⵓⵔ ⵉⵅⵚⵚⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵉⵊⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴽⵔⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵉⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵔⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵖⵏⵓ ⴰⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⴰⵡⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⵍ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ.']

['ⵙⵙⴽⵜⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵜⵣⵟⵟⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵖⵓⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴰⵔⴰⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ, ⵓⵔ ⵜⴽⴽⵉ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ. ⵙ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴷⴷⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵎⴰⴹⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ.']

['ⴰⵀⴰ ⵣⵣⵔⵉⵢ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵕ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵖⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⴽ. ⵓⵔ ⴰⴽⴽⵡ ⵜⵃⵍⴰⵎ ⴰⵖ ⴰⵖⴰⵎⵓⵙ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵖⵣⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵣⵣⵔⵉⵢ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⵜⵖⵔⵉⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ. ⵎⴽ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⴰ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷⴰⵔⴽ ⴰⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵓⵙⵉ ⵉⵣⵉⵍⵏ, ⵙⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜ ⵙ 911 ⵏⵖⴷ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵣⵉⴽⴽ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵣⴷⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴳⵏⴰⴼ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵏⵉⴳ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ. ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴱⵢⵓⵎⵉⴷⵍⴱ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵉⵎⵙⵡⵓⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⵏⵉⴷ, ⵙ ⵡⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵓⵎⵔ, ⴳ ⵎⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⵙⵎⵔⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ.']

['ⵉⵣⵍⵉ: ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ']

['ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵥⵢⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵖⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙⵙⵉⵜⵉⵎⵏ ⵉⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⴼⴼⵖⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵏⵜⵉⵔⵏⵉⵜ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⴳⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⵙⵏ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⴰⵎⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ. ']

['ⵎⴽ ⵜⵍⵍⵉⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵍⵜ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵎⴰⵙⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵙⵉ ⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ, ⵉⵖⵢ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴼⵍⵍⴰⵙ ⵏⵙⵔⵖⴷ (ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⴽ) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵜⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⴽⵛⵛⵓⵎ ⵖⵔⵙⵏ. ']

['ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵜⵢⵓⵔⴰⵢ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵙ ⵜⵖⴰⵔⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵙ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵕⵓⵏⵉⵜ (ⵥⵕ ⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵜⴱⵔⴰⵜ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴽⵜⵕⵓⵏⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⵏⵏⵉ "ⵉⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹⵏ").']

['ⴷⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⴻⵖⵜⴰⵙ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵖⵉ ⵅⴼ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵉⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴷ: (1) ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⵉⵍⴰⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵜⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ; (2) ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴰⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵙⴰⵏ ⵃⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵜ ⵏⴰⴼ; (3) ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴰⴽⴷⴽ, ⴳ ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵎ ⵏⵏⴽ ⴷ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵍⵉⴼⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵢⵉⴱⵍ; (4) ⴰⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵏⵏⴽ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵉⵖⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵜⵣⵎⵎⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵎⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⴼⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵙ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵓⵔ ⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⵉ ⵓⵎⵏⴳⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵢ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵓⵎⴷⵢⴰⵣ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵏⵖⴷ ⵙ ⵓⴹⴼⴰⵕ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ; ']

['5. ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵡⴹ ⵏⵏⴽ, ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴳⵎⴰⴹⵏ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵃⵟⵟⵓ ⵏ ⵜⵔⴳⴰⵍⵜ, ⵎⴰⵙ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙ ⴰⴷ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⴷⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵖⵓⵔⴽ ⵜⵓⵔⴰⴳⵜ ⴰⴼⴰⴷ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵔⴼ ⵜⵉⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵙ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵏⴼⴰⵍⵏ;']

['ⴷ (6) ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵣⵎⵎⴻⵎ ⴰⴽⵎⴰⵎ ⵏⵖⴷ ⴰⵍⵉⴽⵜⵔⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏⵖⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵥⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵔⴼ ⵏ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ. ']

['ⵎⴽ ⵓⵔ ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⵉⴷ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵉⵏⵖⵎⵉⵙⵏ ⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ, ⵉⵥⴹⴰⵕ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⵍⵉ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵖⵣⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴽⵍ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏⵏⴽ.']

['ⴰⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ']

['ⵙⵇⵙⴰⵖ ⴷⵉⵖ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵙⵉ/ ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢⵜ.']

What is pathophysiology of diabetes?

Pathophysiology of diabetes refers to the study of the disordered physiological processes that lead to the development of diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

The pathophysiology of diabetes involves the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the development of the disease.

In type 1 diabetes, the pathophysiology involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to a deficiency in insulin production.

This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, leading to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

In type 2 diabetes, the pathophysiology is more complex and involves both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.

Insulin resistance occurs when the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to an inability to effectively use glucose for energy.

This causes the pancreas to produce more insulin to try to overcome the resistance, but over time, the pancreas may not be able to keep up with the demand, leading to a decrease in insulin production.

Gestational diabetes, which occurs during pregnancy, is caused by hormonal changes that lead to insulin resistance.

The placenta produces hormones that can block the action of insulin, leading to an increase in blood glucose levels.

The pathophysiology of diabetes also involves the development of complications, such as damage to blood vessels, nerves, and organs, which can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and vision loss.

Understanding the pathophysiology of diabetes is crucial for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for this chronic disease.

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['ⵖⴼ']

['ⴷⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⵢⵓⵎⵉⴷⵍⴱ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⵉⵙⵎⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⴰⵍⴳⵓⵔⵉⵜⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵍⵎⵎⵓⴷ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵙⵏ) ⵉ ⵓⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵏ ⵉⴽⵔⵡⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵇⵙⵉⵜⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⴰⵔⵓⵜⵉⵏ.']

['ⴷⴰ ⵏⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵙ 35 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴷⵔⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵓⴱⵎⵉⴷ/ⵎⵉⴷⵍⵉⵏ. ⴰⵡⴷ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵉⴱ ⵏ ⵔⵉⴼⵉⵏⴷⵡⵉⴱ.']

['ⵥⵕ "ⵜⵓⵎⴰⵔ" ⴰⵡⴷ "ⴰⵙⵎⵉⴳⵍ".']