2. Tes getih: Tes getih prasida nentuang napi wenten kelainan ring getih sané prasida nyihnayang wénten kanker.
3. Tes tinja: Tes tinja prasida manggihin rah ring tinja, sané dados cihna kanker usus besar.
4. Kolonoskopi: Puniki wantah tata cara sané marupa tabung tipis, fleksibel antuk lampu miwah kamera ring ujungnyané kagenahang ring rektum anggén nyelehin usus besar.
Ritatkala kolonoskopi, dokter taler prasida ngambil sampel jaringan (biopsi) mangda prasida katureksain sel kanker.
5. Sigmoidoskopi: pateh sakadi kolonoskopi, sigmoidoskopi nyelehin pahan sor usus besar.
6. Virtual colonoscopy: Puniki CT scan usus besar sané ngawetuang gambar 3D usus besar miwah rektum.
7. Tes getih ring tinja: Tes puniki nguji kawéntenan getih ring tinja, sané prasida nyihnayang kawéntenan kanker.
8. Barium enema ganda-kontras: Puniki wantah pemeriksaan sinar-x usus besar miwah rektum, ring dija bahan kontras kaanggen nyihnayang kelainan.
9. Biopsi: Biopsi inggih punika ngambil daging alit saking usus besar anggen katureksain antuk mikroskop mangda prasida katentuang wénten utawi nénten sel kanker.
Su Y, Tian X, Gao R, Guo W, Chen C, Chen C, Jia D, Li H, Lv X: Colon cancer diagnosis and staging classification based on machine learning and bioinformatics analysis. Comput Biol Med. 2022, 145 (): 105409.
Khan FA, Albalawi R, Pottoo FH: Trends in targeted delivery of nanomaterials in colon cancer diagnosis and treatment. Med Res Rev. 2022, 42 (1): 227-258.
Shi J, Fei J, Yi Q, Shen L, Wan B, Chen Y, Chang Q: Treatment of colon cancer in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. BMC Cancer. 2018, 18 (1): 961.
Ren QG, Huang T, Yang SL, Hu JL: Colon cancer metastasis to the mandibular gingiva with partial occult squamous differentiation: A case report and literature review. Mol Clin Oncol. 2017, 6 (2): 189-192.
Feng HT, Zou S, Chen M, Xiong F, Lee MH, Fang L, Tang BZ: Tuning Push-Pull Electronic Effects of AIEgens to Boost the Theranostic Efficacy for Colon Cancer. J Am Chem Soc. 2020, 142 (26): 11442-11450.
Slattery ML, Kerber RA: The impact of family history of colon cancer on survival after diagnosis with colon cancer. Int J Epidemiol. 1995, 24 (5): 888-96.
Tada M: [Recent advances in diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer]. Rinsho Byori. 1990, 38 (4): 403-6.
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How is colon cancer diagnosed?
Colon cancer is diagnosed through a combination of tests and procedures, which may include:
1. Physical examination: A doctor will perform a physical examination to check for any abnormalities or signs of illness.
2. Blood tests: Blood tests can help determine if there are any abnormalities in the blood that may indicate the presence of cancer.
3. Stool tests: A stool test can detect the presence of blood in the stool, which may be a sign of colon cancer.
4. Colonoscopy: This is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on the end is inserted into the rectum to examine the colon.
During a colonoscopy, the doctor can also take tissue samples (biopsies) to be examined for cancer cells.
5. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, a sigmoidoscopy examines the lower part of the colon.
6. Virtual colonoscopy: This is a CT scan of the colon that creates a 3D image of the colon and rectum.
7. Fecal occult blood test: This test checks for the presence of blood in the stool, which may indicate the presence of cancer.
8. Double-contrast barium enema: This is an x-ray examination of the colon and rectum, in which a contrast material is used to highlight any abnormalities.
9. Biopsy: A biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue from the colon for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
10. Imaging tests: CT scans, MRI scans, and chest x-rays may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Once a diagnosis of colon cancer is made, the doctor will determine the stage of the cancer, which helps determine the best course of treatment.
Staging is based on the size and location of the tumor, as well as whether it has spread to other parts of the body.
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