1. Kwecha kunwa makanya hanji kuchiputuka: Kuchina makanya che chakuneha kansa ya yipapu, kashika kwecha kunwa makanya chili chuma chilemu chize muchihasa kutukinga kansa ya yipapu.
2. Kuchika makanya waze akunwa: Ehuka kupwa hamwe ni atu waze akunwa makanya, mumu makanya waze akunwa mahasa kukuneha kansa ya yipapu.
3. Kanda uliha ni mwishi wa radon: Mwishi wa radon uli mwishi uze wakuneha kansa ya mahinji.
Eseka ana je hanga amone nyi mu zuwo muli radon, mba nyi muchilita, ehuka kapinda wacho.
4. Kunjila chinji mu meya: Kulita ni yuma yize yili mu meya, chinji-chiwe mu mbonge, muchihasa kutohwesa yikola ya kansa ya yipapu.
Eseka kwehuka yihela yize yili ni yikola ya mpeho, nawa zachisa chijimba nyi muchilita.
5. Kuchika chinji asbestos ni yikuma yikwo yize yakuneha yikola ya kansa: Asbestos, arsenic, nickel, ni chromium, mujihasa kukolesa kansa ya yipapu.
Mwatela kukwata yiyulo hanga uhone kupinjisa atu ku yikuma yacho ku milimo.
6. Liya ni kulia yize muyihasa kukwasa mujimba: kulia chinji mihuko, yifwo ni kulia kulia yinji muyihasa kukwasa kukehesako yikola ya kansa ya yipapu.
7. Kuzachisa kanawa mujimba: Kuzachisa kanawa mujimba muchihasa kukwasa kukehesako yikola ya kansa ya yipapu.
8. Kupwa ni mujimba upema: Kupwa ni mujimba upema hanji unji chinji muchihasa kutohwesa yikola ya kansa ya yipapu, kashika kupwa ni mujimba upema ha kulia ni kulinga yikola ya mujimba chili chilemu.
9. Fuka mutapu wa HPV: Mutapu wa HPV unase cancer ya yipapu, kashika kufuka mutapu wacho muchihasa kukwasa hanga uhonese yikola yacho.
10. Kulilinga mashimbu eswe: Nyi mutu mashimbu eswe mamona kanawa mujimba wenyi, muchihasa kumukwasa hanga anyingike kansa ya yipapu muze hi ayize ko.
11. Shindakenyo ha kuchiza kansa ya yipapu: Nyi wapwa ni makanya hanji hi wapwile ni makanya, shimutwina ni ndotolo hakutwala ku kuchiza kansa ya yipapu, ngwe kuchiza CT scan.
12. Kanda kuya ku yikungululo yize yakukwasa mujimba kukwata mivwimbimbi ya ususu: Yikungululo yacho muyihasa kukwasa mujimba kukwata kansa, nawa yikwasa nawa mu yipapu, kashika kwehuka kuya ku yikungululo yacho muchihasa kukwasa kukinga kansa ya yipapu.
13. Kanda kunwa chinji uhwanga: Nyi mutu kanaunwa chinji uhwanga, mukwa-kazachi kakumujihisa kansa ya matumbo.
14. Lichinge yipikalo ya ku milimo: Yimwe milimo, ngwe ya ku fuka mbongo ni ya ku panga yikalu, muyihasa kutohwesa yikola ya kansa ya yipapu ha mukunda wa kupwa ni yikuma yize yakuneha kansa.
15. Kunyingika kanawa: Kunyingika kanawa yuma yize akulilongesa ni yize akuhanjika hakutwala ku kuchiza kansa ya mahinji ni kuhanjika ni ndotolo ha yuma yize mufupa kunyingika.
Risser NL: Prevention of lung cancer: the key is to stop smoking. Semin Oncol Nurs. 1996, 12 (4): 260-9.
Lim JU, Yoon HK: Narrative review: association between lung cancer development and ambient particulate matter in never-smokers. J Thorac Dis. 2022, 14 (2): 553-563.
Zhang Z, Lu S, Dunmall LSC, Wang Z, Cheng Z, Zhang Z, Yan W, Chu Y, Gao D, Wang N, Li Y, Wang J, Li Y, Ji Y, Shan D, Li K, Wang P, Dong Y, Dong J, Lemoine NR, Pei D, Zhang L, Wang Y: Treatment and Prevention of Lung Cancer Using a Virus-Infected Reprogrammed Somatic Cell-Derived Tumor Cell Vaccination (VIReST) Regime. Front Immunol. 2020, 11 (): 1996.
Astrup AV, Sandström B: [Antioxidative primary prevention with beta-carotene: does it prevent or cause lung cancer and ischemic heart disease in smokers?]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1994, 156 (23): 3510-1.
Shankar A, Dubey A, Saini D, Singh M, Prasad CP, Roy S, Bharati SJ, Rinki M, Singh N, Seth T, Khanna M, Sethi N, Kumar S, Sirohi B, Mohan A, Guleria R, Rath GK: Environmental and occupational determinants of lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2019, 8 (Suppl 1): S31-S49.
Krawczyk P, Duchnowska R, Nicoś M, Kowalski D, Wojas-Krawczyk K: Preventing central nervous system metastases in non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2018, 18 (11): 1077-1083.
Ren G, Ye J, Fan Y, Wang J, Sun Z, Jia H, Du X, Hou C, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhou Q: [Survey and analysis of awareness of lung cancer prevention and control in a LDCT lung cancer screening project in Tianjin Dagang Oilfield of China]. Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi. 2014, 17 (2): 163-70.
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['Tala ha makina yize yakukwasa hanga uwane kumbululo lia yihula, hi yikalu ko muze anavuluka unji wa atu waze ali ni yikola.']
['Teta mashimbu eswe kuwana yiyulo ya ndotolo we hanji umwe mukwa-kuhana yiyulo ya uhayele ha chikuma cha yikola. Kanda ulionga yiyulo ya ndotolo hanji kutohwesa kuyitanga ha mukunda wa yimwe yuma yize watanga ha site yino. Nyi wanyonga ngwo uli ni mulonga wa uhayele, shinga 911 hanji yako ha chipatulo cha usopeso chize chili hakamwihi. Kukushi usepa wa ndotolo ni ndotolo uze wakunjila ha site yino hanji ha kuzachisa site yino. Chipwe BioMedLib hanji akwa-kukalakala nayo, hanji yoze wakukwasa ha site yino, keshi kulinga nichimwe, chipwe kusolola, hakutwala ku sango jize jili ha site yino hanji ha kuzachisa site yino.']
['Uhashi wa akwa-kusoneka']
['Shimbi ya Digital Millennium Copyright Act ya 1998, 17 U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA) yinambe ngwo, waze ali ni shimbi ja akwa-kusoneka waze anafuliela ngwo yuma yize yili ha Internet yinapinjisa shimbi ja akwa-kusoneka ja mu Estados Unidos. ']
['Nyi unafuliela ni mbunge yeswe ngwo yikuma yeswe yize akuzachisa ha site yino yinapinjisa shimbi ja akwa-kusoneka, yena (mba yoze wakuzachisa) muhasa kututumina mukanda hanga ututuhwise yikuma yacho hanji kuhona kuyimona.']
['Sango jacho katamba kujituma ha mukanda ha email (tala ha chihanda cha "Contact" ha email).']
['Shimbi ya DMCA yinambe ngwo, sango je ha yize akuhanjika ngwo yapinjisa shimbi ja akwa-kusoneka yili ni sango jacho: (1) kulumbununa mulimo uze uli ni shimbi ja akwa-kusoneka uze anazangamisa; (2) kulumbununa yikuma yize anazangamisa ni sango jize jinahase kutukwasa hanga tuwane yikuma yacho; (3) kulweza yoze mutuhasa kumuheta, ngwe adresi, numero ya telefone ni email; (4) maliji waze yena musolola ngwo, yuma yize anazangamisa kuyishi ni utayizo wa mwene wa shimbi ja akwa-kusoneka, hanji yoze akuzachisa, hanji ni shimbi jize anazangamisa; ']
['(5) Sango jize yena musoneka, ni shimbi jize makahana, ngwo sango jize jili ha mukanda jili ja umwenemwene nawa uli ni ulite wakukwasa hanga akwa-kusoneka afunge shimbi jize anakwambulula ngwo jinalitepulula;']
['nawa (6) chijimbikilo cha mwata wa shindakenyo ya ulite wa yuma hanji cha muthu yoze uli ni ulite wa kulinga yuma ha jina lia mwata wa shindakenyo ya yuma.']
1. Quit smoking or don't start smoking: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, so quitting or avoiding smoking is the most important measure to prevent lung cancer.
2. Limit exposure to secondhand smoke: Avoid being around people who are smoking, as secondhand smoke can also increase your risk of lung cancer.
3. Avoid exposure to radon gas: Radon gas is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that can cause lung cancer.
Have your home tested for radon levels and take steps to reduce them if necessary.
4. Limit exposure to air pollution: Air pollution, especially in urban areas, can increase the risk of lung cancer.
Try to avoid areas with high levels of air pollution and wear a mask if necessary.
5. Limit exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens: Exposure to asbestos, arsenic, nickel, and chromium can increase the risk of lung cancer.
Take precautions to limit exposure to these substances in the workplace.
6. Eat a healthy diet: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce the risk of lung cancer.
7. Exercise regularly: Regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of lung cancer.
8. Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight or obese can increase the risk of lung cancer, so maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise is important.
9. Get vaccinated against HPV: The human papillomavirus (HPV) can increase the risk of lung cancer, so getting vaccinated can help prevent infection.
10. Regular check-ups: Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider can help detect lung cancer early, when it is most treatable.
11. Consider lung cancer screening: If you are a current or former heavy smoker, talk to your healthcare provider about lung cancer screening options, such as low-dose computed tomography (CT) scans.
12. Avoid tanning beds: Tanning beds can increase the risk of skin cancer, which can spread to the lungs, so avoiding them can help prevent lung cancer.
13. Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of lung cancer, so limiting alcohol intake is important.
14. Avoid occupational hazards: Certain occupations, such as mining and metalworking, can increase the risk of lung cancer due to exposure to carcinogens.
Take precautions to limit exposure in these situations.
15. Stay informed: Stay up-to-date on the latest research and recommendations for lung cancer prevention and talk to your healthcare provider about any concerns or questions you may have.
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